• Title/Summary/Keyword: Maximum shortening

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Paleostress of the Joseon and Pyeongan Supergroups in South Korea using the New Calcite Strain Gauge (NCSG)

  • Jang, Bo-An;Ko, Chin-Surk;Kim, Jung-Han;Kim, Cheong-Bin;Kang, Seong-Seung
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.311-322
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    • 2014
  • Limestone bodies under the tectonic environment have experienced various tectonic processes, and also changed the stress state. In this study, calcite twins found in limestones of the Joseon Supergroup and Pyeongan Supergroup in the northeastern part of the Ogcheon Belt, South Korea were measured, then the paleostress (i.e., the maximum shortening axis) was reconstructed using the new calcite strain gauge (NCSG) technique. The average twin thickness and average twin intensity increase as the total twin strain increases. We utilize the appearance of twins, the average twin thickness and average twin intensity, and the total twin strain to estimate that the observed calcite twins were produced at temperatures of < $200^{\circ}C$ in the Joseon Supergroup and $170^{\circ}C$ in the Pyeongan Supergroup. In the Joseon Supergroup, the dominant direction of the maximum shortening axis WNW-ESE to NW-SE; NE-SW shortening is also observed. The maximum shortening axes in the Pyeongan Supergroup are oriented NW-SE and NE-SW. The NE-SW direction of maximum shortening is associated with the occurrence of the Songrim orogeny of the Paleozoic to Early Jurassic, and the NW-SE direction of maximum shortening correlates to the Daebo orogeny of the Early Jurassic to Late Jurassic. It is thus concluded that the paleostress across the study area changed from NE-SW to NW-SE during the Mesozoic.

A Comparison of Shortening and Shortening Speed in Sartorius, Gastrocnemius and Rectus Abdominis Muscles of Uromastix hardwickii

  • Fehmeena, S.;Azeem, M. Abdul
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 1994
  • A new method is used to record the actual shortening produced during the auxotonic activity of the sartorius (SAR), gastrocnemius (CAS) and rectus abdominis (RAB) muscles of a lizard Uromastix. The auxotonic twitch and tetanus records thus obtained were used for the first time to calculate the coefficient of linear shortening (COLS). This coefficient represent the relative Index between change in length $(\Delta\;L=L_0-L_1)$ and tension $({\Delta}P\;P_0-P_1)$ due to shortening at the steepest rising phase of the twitch and tetanus, recorded at resting length. In addition to this, maximum shortening $(S_{max})$ and auxotonic tensions were also determined at resting lengths of these muscles. The COLS was found to express the speed of shortening and auxotonic tensions are suggested to be of value to express the internal architecture of SAR, GAS & RAB muscles. The results are discussed in terms of contractile and elastic elements of the muscles alongwith the importance of shortening at resting lengths in skeletal muscles.

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Effect of Outriggers on Differential Column Shortening in Tall Buildings

  • Kim, Han-Soo
    • International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.91-99
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    • 2017
  • Special consideration should be given to differential column shortening during the design and construction of a tall building to mitigate the adverse effects caused by such shortening. The effects of the outrigger - which is conventionally used to increase the lateral stiffness of a tall building - on the differential shortening are investigated in this study. Three analysis models, a constant-section, constant-stress, and general model, are prepared, and the differential shortenings of these models with and without the outrigger are compared. The effects of connection time, sectional area, and location of the outrigger on the differential shortening are studied. The sectional area of the outrigger shows a non-linear relation in reducing the maximum differential shortening. The optimum locations of the single and dual outriggers are investigated by an exhaustive search method, and it is confirmed that a global optimum location exists. This study shows that the outrigger can be utilized to reduce the differential shortening between the interior core wall and the perimeter columns as well as to reduce the lateral displacements due to wind or earthquake loads.

Prediction and Compensation of Differential Column Shortening in 52 story Amatapura Apartment Building (52층 아마타푸라 아파트의 기둥 부등축소량 예측 및 보정에 관한 연구)

  • 조석희;송진규;정하선;이상순;이태규;김진근
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 1998.04a
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    • pp.397-402
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    • 1998
  • The objectives of this paper are to estimate differential column Shortening and to determine appropreate compensation amount in 52 story Amatapura Apartment in Indonesia. for this, a computer program based on PCA and CEB-FIP code is developed. The results show that Elastic and Creep strain are the main factors of column shortening and the maximum differential shortening is appeared near the middle of the building height. The results between field survey and estimation have some difference, the most influential factor of the difference can be lateral restraints provided by horizontal members, which cannot be handled in this developed program. Hence introducing the modification factors from various field survey, this program can be used properly in design and construction procedures.

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Analysis on Long Term Behavior in 120-Story High-Rise Buildings according to Lateral-Load-Resisting Systems (120층 규모 초고층 건물에 대한 횡력저항시스템 적용에 따른 장기거동 분석)

  • Kim, Gyeong-Chan;Kim, Jae-Yo
    • Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.119-129
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    • 2022
  • It is essential to control the lateral displacement and differential axial shortening of the vertical elements in high-rise buildings. The differential axial shortening can cause challenges in the serviceability and safety of non-structural and structural elements, respectively. Hence, in this study, the differential axial shortening of the vertical elements and effects of long term behaviors of concrete are analyzed in 120-story high-rise buildings via the construction sequence analysis. Consequently, the axial shortening of the vertical elements is classified into elastic, creep, and shrinkage shortening, and dominant factors to the maximum axial shortening are analyzed. In addition, the serviceability of the non -structural elements is checked with a differential axial shortening at 30 years after completion of construction, and member forces at design and construction stages in girders and outrigger walls are compared.

Effects of Mobilization With Movement Using Posterior Talus Glide Taping Added Myofascial Release on Kinematic Data of Dynamic Balance in Individuals With Calf Shortening (종아리근 단축 대상자에게 목말뼈 후방활주 테이핑을 이용한 관절가동술 적용과 근막이완기법의 적용이 동적 균형의 운동학적 변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Seo, Min-A;Jeong, Kyu-Na;Kim, Yu-Jin;Lee, Yu-Jin;Hwang, Young-In
    • Physical Therapy Korea
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.70-78
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    • 2022
  • Background: Individuals with calf muscle shortening may have decreased dynamic balance. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobilization with movement (MWM) and myofascial release (MFR) on kinematic changes in dynamic balance in individuals with calf muscle shortening. Methods: Thirteen participants were randomly assigned to the MWM or the mobilization with movement added myofascial release (MWM-MFR) group. The MWM group received treatment with only MWM, whereas the MWM-MFR group was treated with MWM and MFR. Pre- and post-intervention passive range of motion (PROM), maximum reaching lengths, and modified star excursion balance test (MSEBT) results were compared for all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significant within-group differences in ankle PROM, but no significant between-group differences. The maximum reaching length in the MWM-MFR group in the posterolateral direction was significantly different before and after the intervention (p = 0.005). This group also showed significantly reduced ankle abduction in MSEBT during the posteromedial direction section 3 (p = 0.007) and posterolateral direction section 5 (p = 0.049) compared with the MWM group. Conclusion: Combined MWM and MFR intervention improves ankle stability in the coronal plane during the posteromedial and posterolateral forward movement in dynamic balance compared with only MWM in individuals with calf shortening.

Increase of treatment amount of thermophilic oxic process considering calorie/water (C/W) ratio (칼로리/수분 (C/W)비를 고려한 고온호기 처리법에서의 처리량 증가)

  • Jeon, Kyoung-Ho;Choi, Dong-Yoon;Song, Jun-Ik;Park, Kyu-Hyun;Kwag, Jung-Hoon;Kim, Jae-Hwan;Kang, Hee-Sul
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.203-210
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    • 2010
  • The signification of calorie/water (C/W) ratio was investigated in the treatment of highly concentrated organic wastes by thermophilic oxic process (TOP). Swine waste was used in this study. When C/W ratio was 1.6, most of swine waste was decomposed and all water was evaporated in the 24-h injection cycle. To improve treatment efficiency of TOP treating swine waste, the effect of shortening the swine waste injection cycle was examined. The shortening of injection cycle was conducted to stimulate the activity of thermophilic bacteria. A high temperature in the reactor was maintained by shortening of the injection cycle. When the swine waste injection cycle was shortened, the C/W ratio was fixed at 1.6. As a result, by shortening the swine waste injection cycle from 24-h to 12 and 6-h, the maximum loading rate of swine waste per day could be improved 1.9 and 3.5 times, respectively.

The Effect of Ginseng on Heart Contraction and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function(I) -The Effect of Ginseng on the Myocardial Contractility and Force-Velocity Curves of Papillary Muscles from Rats (인삼이 심장 수축력과 소포체 기능에 미치는 영향(제1보) -흰쥐 심장의 수축력 및 유두근의 Force-Velocity 곡선에 대한 인삼성분의 효과-)

  • 오우택;김낙두
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.155-161
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    • 1983
  • The rates of deterioration of contractile forces of isolated hearts from ginseng component treated rats were determined. Rat papillary muscles were also used to study the influence of ginseng on the mechanical performance of heart. Rats weighing 200-300g were administered orally with ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg/day), ginseng total saponin (50mg/kg/day) and ginsenoside Rbl (5mg/kg/ day) for a week respectively. The isolated hearts from rats were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution by Langendorff perfusion apparatus. The force-velocity relation was clearly seen with the load-generator equipped isotonic shortening recording apparatus. The control group was only able to maintain 60% of their initial contractile forces after 120 minutes of perfusion, whereas ginseng ethanol extract treated group was able to sustain nearly their initial strength even after 120 minutes of perfusion. The similar effects were seen in the hearts treated with total ginseng saponin and ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$. Ginseng ethanol extract did alter mechanical performance of rat ventricular myocardium. It increased both maximum velocity(Vmax) of isotonic shortening and isometric force (P$_{0}$) and showed increased velocity of shortening significantly (P<0,05) at any one afterload.d.

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Assessing Effects of Shortening Final Cutting Age on Future CO2 Absorption of Forest in Korea (벌기령 단축이 미래 산림의 이산화탄소 흡수량에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Ryu, Donghoon;Lee, Woo-Kyun;Song, Cholho;Lim, Chul-Hee;Lee, Sle-Gee;Piao, Dongfan
    • Journal of Climate Change Research
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.157-167
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to evaluate the effect of shortened final cutting age by estimating future $CO_2$ absorption in each different scenarios based on each final cutting ages before and after shortening. We used $5^{th}$ Forest Type Map and Forest Yield Table to obtain information to estimate $CO_2$ absorption of forest. We also designed a simulated future scenarios from 2010 to 2100 which repeats cutting and reforestation according to respected each final cutting ages. As the result, number of cuttings and total amount of $CO_2$ absorption of forest were increased with shortened final ages. Total cutting times increased up to 2 in both minimum and maximum amount for Quescus spp. and Larix kaempferi. Maximum number of cutting of Pinus densiflora and minimum number of Pinus koraiensis increased by 1. Total $CO_2$ absorption increased 12% for Quercus spp. which had the largest number of increase in cutting times, while total $CO_2$ absorption of Pinus koraiensis only increased by 1%. The result could be used to evaluate the changes in forest management plans and policies and then develop optimal final age for efficient sustainable forest management plans.

An Evaluation on Concrete incorporating blame blast furnace slag powder adding Durability Improvement Agent (고로슬래그 미분말에 내구성향상 혼화제를 첨가한 콘크리트의 기초물성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Lee, Jong-Rok;Lim, Sang-Jun;Song, In-Myung;Yun, Jae-Hwan;Jung, Sang-Jin
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2007.04a
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    • pp.147-150
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    • 2007
  • As recent buildings often use low-quality concrete materials, are constructed defectively, and are put in extreme environmental conditions, many of them show the shortening of life resulting from the corrosion of reinforcing rods by salt damage, carbonization, freezing and thawing, cracking. This in turn raises the cost of repair and maintenance, so it is required to extend the life of structures through enhancing the durability of concrete. In response to the demand, researches on high-durability concrete are being made actively focused on the maximum water-cement ratio, the maximum unit quantity, the minimum cover thickness, the addition of mineral admixtures, etc. With this background, the present study examined the basic physical properties of concrete containing admixtures for enhancing the durability of concrete.

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