• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.254-282
• /
• 1977

벼의 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 관(關)한 주요양적형질(主要量的形質)의 유전(遺傳)에 관(關)한 정보(情報)를 얻고져 1974년(年) 농백(農白), 통일(統一), 팔굉(八紘), 만경(萬頃), 금남풍(金南風)을 교배친(交配親)으로 전조합(全組合) 이면교배(二面交配)를 실시(實施)하여 $F_1$종자(種子)를 얻었으며 1975년(年) 이들 $F_1$ 및 교배친(交配親) 품종(品種)을 재배(栽培)하여 여러 형질(形質)을 조사(調査)하고 그 결과(結果)를 Griffing 및 Hayman의 방법(方法)에 따라 유전분석(遺傳分析)을 하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 통일(統一)을 교배친(交配親)으로 한 조합(組合)에서는 출수기(出穗期)가 늦어지는 쪽이 우성(優性)이었고 출수기(出穗期)가 늦어지는 방향(方向)으로 각(各) 조합(組合)에서 모두 높은 Heterosis를 나타내었던 바 높은 우성효과(優性效果)와 비대립유전자간(非對立遺傳子間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 인정(認定)되었는데 통일(統一)을 제외(除外)한 품종(品種)을 양친(兩親)으로 한 조합(組合)에서는 출수기(出穗期)가 빠른 쪽이 우성(優性)이었고 상가적효과(相加的效果)가 우성효과(優性效果)에 비(比)해 현저(顯著)히 큰 부분우성(部分優性)을 나타내었으며 비대립유전자간(非對立遺傳子間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 2. 통일(統一)을 교배친(交配親)으로 한 조합(組合)에서는 장간(長稈)쪽으로 높은 Heterosis율(率)을 나타내었으며 간장(稈長)이 긴 것이 짧은 것에 비(比)해 우성(優性)이었고 상가적효과(相加的效果)에 비(比)해 우성효과(優性效果)가 매우 커서 초월우성(超越優性)을 나타내었으며 협의(狹意)의 유전력(遺傳力)은 아주 낮았다. 그리고 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 모본효과(母本效果)와 정역효과(正逆效果)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 3. 이삭의 추출도(抽出度)는 모든 조합(組合)에서 양친(兩親)의 평균(平均)보다 약간 길었으며 추출도(抽出度)가 길어지는 방향(方向)으로 부분우성(部分優性)을 나타내고 있었다. 우성효과(優性效果)에 비(比)해 상가적작용(相加的作用)이 현저(顯著)히 컷고 광의(廣意) 및 협의(狹意)의 유전력(遺傳力)도 모두 높았다. 추출도(抽出度)에서도 간장(稈長)에서와 같이 모본효과(母本效果)와 정역효과(正逆效果)가 유의(有意)하였다. 4. 지엽각(止葉角)은 대체로 예각(銳角)의 방향(方向)이 우성(優性)이었으나 팔굉(八紘)에서만은 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 예각(銳角)과 둔각(鈍角)의 두 가지 상반(相反)되는 방향(方向)으로 Heterosis를 보였다. 우성효과(優性效果)가 상가적효과(相加的效果)보다 약간 높았는데 지엽각(止葉角)의 유전(遺傳)에는 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 비대립유전자간(非對立遺傳子間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 상당히 크게 작용(作用)한 것으로 보여진다. 5. 지엽장(止葉長)과 지엽폭(止葉幅)에서는 모두 이들이 증가(增加)되는 방향(方向)이 우성(優性)이었으나 Heterosis의 정도(程度)는 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 각각 다르게 나타났다. 지엽장(止葉長)의 유전(遺傳)에서는 상가적효과(相加的效果)에 비(比)해 아주 높은 우성효과(優性效果)를 보여 초월우성(超越優性)이 인정(認定)되었던 반면(反面) 지엽폭(止葉幅)에서는 우성효과(優性效果)는 적었고 상가적효과(相加的效果)가 매우 크게 나타나 부분우성(部分優性)을 보였으며 광의(廣意) 및 협의(狹意)의 유전력(遺傳力)이 모두 높았다. 그리고 지엽장(止葉長), 지엽폭(止葉幅) 및 지엽각(止葉角)에서는 모두 모본효과(母本效果)나 정역효과(正逆效果)는 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 6. 통일(統一)을 한쪽친(親)으로 하는 조합(組合)의 수장(穗長)은 모두 양친(兩親)에 비(比)해 현저(顯著)히 길었으나 그 외의 조합(組合)에서는 $F_1$의 수장(穗長)이 양친(兩親)의 평균치(平均値)와 비슷하였고 수장(穗長)의 유전(遺傳)에는 상가적(相加的) 효과(效果)보다 우성효과(優性效果)가 크게 작용(作用)하였으며 수장(穗長)이 길어지는 방향(方向)이 우성(優性)이었고 협의(狹意)의 유전력(遺傳力)은 아주 낮았다. 7. 수수(穗數)가 많은 것이 적은 것에 대(對)해 우성(優性)이었으며 $F_1$의 Heterosis 정도(程度)는 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 각각상이(各各相異)하였다. 수수(穗數)의 유전(遺傳)에는 우성효과(優性效果)가 상가적효과(相加的效果)보다 약간 크게 작용(作用)하고 있어 완전우성(完全優性)에 가까우며 모본효과(母本效果)와 정역효모(正逆效母)에 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 8. 수당입수(穗當粒數)는 교배조합(交配組合)에 따라 각각(各各) 정부(正負)의 상반(相反)되는 방향(方向)으로 Heterosis가 나타났으며 Heterosis의 정도(程度)도 조합(組合)에 따라 상이(相異)하였다. 평균(平均) 우성방향(優性方向)은 수당입수(穗當粒數)가 증가(增加)되는 쪽이었으나 조합(組合)에 따라 우성(優性)의 방향(方向)은 수당입수(穗當粒數)가 증가(增加)되는 경우와 감소(減少)되는 경우를 동시(同時)에 인정(認定)할 수 있었다. 수당입수(穗當粒數)의 유전(遺傳)에는 우성효과(優性效果)가 아주 크게 나타났으며 비대립유전자(非對立遺傳子)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 인정(認定)되었다. 9. 등숙비율(登熟比率)은 조합(組合)에 따라 출수기(出穗期)의 지연(遲延)에 기인(基因)되는 등숙장해(登熟障害)와 기타 환경(環境)의 영향으로 그 유전양식(遺傳樣式)의 파악(把握)이 거의 불가능(不可能)하였으나 통일(統一)을 제외(除外)한 조합(組合)에서는 등숙비율(登熟比率)이 증가(增加)하는 방향(方向)의 우성효과(優性效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 10. 천입중(千粒重)은 무거운 것이 가벼운 것에 대(對)해 우성(優性)이었고 우성(優性)의 정도(程度)는 상가적효과(相加的效果)가 우성효과(優性效果)에 비(比)해 현저(顯著)히 높아 부분우성(部分優性)을 나타내었다. 천입중(千粒重)은 광의(廣意) 및 협의(狹意)의 유전력(遺傳力)이 모두 높았으며 모본효과(母本效果)나 정역효과(正逆效果)는 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 11. 고중(藁重)은 통일(統一)을 한쪽 친(親)으로 하는 조합(組合)에서는 고중(藁重)이 무거워지는 방향(方向)으로 높은 Heterosis를 보였으나 그외(外)의 조합(組合)에서는 양친(兩親)의 평균(平均)보다 고중(藁重)이 감소(減少)되었고 조합(組合)에 따라 우성(優性)의 방향(方向)이 정부(正負)로 나타날 뿐 아니라 그 정도(程度)도 서로 다르며 비대립유전자간(非對立遺傳子間)의 교호작용(交互作用)도 현저(顯著)하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.2847-2850
• /
• 2014

Background: Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant intraocular neoplasm. About 90% of cases feature a germline mutation in the RB1 gene and these will develop retinoblastoma during their early childhood. An association between mutations in germline cells and aging has been demonstrated. This suggests a higher incidence of childhood cancer including retinoblastoma among children of older parents. Materials and Methods: In the present study we aimed to determine the association of paternal and maternal age with an increased risk of retinoblastoma in a case-control study in Iranian population. The study was carried out on 240 persons who were born during 1984-2012 in Mahak and Mofid hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The statistical analysis included studying the mean age of parents and in order to know whether parental age of patients is different from parental age of control group, (t-test) compare averages test is used perfectly. By binary logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: The results of statistical analysis including the study of mean parental age by the use of (t-test) compare averages test showed a significant difference between parental ages of patients and controls. Logistic regression showed that coefficients were significant for maternal but not paternal age. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that advanced maternal age can increase the risk of retinoblastoma in offspring, but the paternal age has no significant effect.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권11호
• /
• pp.1829-1838
• /
• 2021

Objective: The effects of maternal dietary energy levels on breast muscle fibre development in offspring of broiler breeders were investigated. Methods: A total of 480 20-week-old Arbor Acres (AA) healthy female broiler breeders, with an average body weight of 2.33±0.01 kg, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates and 20 broiler breeders for each replicate and fed a corn and soybean meal diet with 100%, 80%, 70%, and 50% energy levels, respectively. Approximately 300 eggs per treatment were collected for incubation for 6 days. Then, 120 0-day-old female broilers at each energy level were randomly selected and divided into 6 replicates with 20 broilers for each replicate, with this experimental phase with the offspring lasting for 49 days. Results: Compared with the 100% energy group, the breast muscle fibre diameter at embryonic day 21 in the 80% energy group was significantly reduced (p<0.05). In the 80% energy group, the muscle fibre density of the breast increased significantly (p<0.05) at embryonic days 15 and 21. The breast muscle fibre diameter of the offspring in each group was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on the 1st day. The breast muscle sarcomere length of the embryos in the 80% energy group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 70% and 50% energy groups. Compared with the 100% energy group, the expression of the myostatin gene in the offspring was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the effects of a maternal dietary energy level of 80% in this study were found to be optimal for breast muscle fibre development in offspring, which indicated that the metabolic energy level of AA broilers of 9.36 MJ/kg for the mid-term diet for laying eggs has a more practical significance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.113-125
• /
• 2023

It has been reported that stressful events in early life influence behavior in adulthood and are associated with different psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder. Maternal separation (MS) is a representative animal model for reproducing childhood stress. It is used as an animal model for depression, and has well-known effects, such as increasing anxiety behavior and causing abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study investigated the effect of MS on anxiety or aggression-like behavior and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. Mice were separated from their dams for four hours per day for 19 d from postnatal day two. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test, resident-intruder (RI) test, and counted glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) or parvalbumin (PV) positive cells in the hippocampus were executed using immunohistochemistry. The maternal segregation group exhibited increased anxiety and aggression in the EPM test and the RI test. GAD67-positive neurons were increased in the hippocampal regions we observed: dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, CA1, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum. PV-positive neurons were increased in the DG, CA3, presubiculum, and parasubiculum. Consistent with behavioral changes, corticosterone was increased in the MS group, suggesting that the behavioral changes induced by MS were expressed through the effect on the HPA axis. Altogether, MS alters anxiety and aggression levels, possibly through alteration of cytoarchitecture and output of the ventral hippocampus that induces the dysfunction of the HPA axis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.389-396
• /
• 2003

Maternal nutritional status has been shown to influence pregnancy outcomes. And the elevated maternal plasma homocysteine concentrations have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated the effects of maternal serum levels of B vitamins and homocysteine, and the C677T MTHFR (5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) polymorphism on pregnancy outcomes. In 177 pregnant women of 24-28 wks of gestation, the MTHFR gene mutation, serum B vitamins and homocysteine concentrations were measured, and their pregnancy outcomes were investigated from medical records. The birth length, and 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of neonates in the T/T mothers were 45.4 $\pm$ 9.3 cm, 7.6 $\pm$ 3.2 and 8.5 $\pm$ 3.8, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the C/T (48.6 $\pm$ 3.3 cm, 9.0 $\pm$ 0.2, 10.0 $\pm$ 0.2) or the C/C mothers (49.4 $\pm$ 1.9 cm, 9.0 $\pm$ 0.2, 10.0 $\pm$ 0.0). The birth weight, birth length and the gestational age of neonates at delivery from hyperhomocysteinemic mothers whose homocysteine levels higher than 15 $\mu$ mol were 2.5 $\pm$ 1.3 kg, 43.9 $\pm$ 9.0 cm, 35.4 $\pm$ 6.3 wk, respectively, which were significant lower than those from normohomocysteinemic mothers (3.1 $\pm$ 0.6 kg, 48.8 $\pm$ 3.6 cm, 38.5 $\pm$ 2.5 wk). The birth weight and birth length of neonates in mothers whose PLP levels were below the median were significantly lower than those from mothers with the PLP levels above the median. The 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of neonates were lower in mothers with the T/T MTHFR genotype than those with the C/T or C/C only when the serum PLP levels were below the median. The 1-, 5 min Apgar scores and birth length of neonates were lower in mothers with the T/T MTHFR genotype than those with the C/T or C/C only when the serum FMN levels were below the median. In conclusion, maternal B vitamin status, homocysteine and the C677T MTHFR genotype seem to have played an important role on pregnancy outcomes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.937-946
• /
• 2004

Duroc 품종은 돼지 사육에 있어 산육성과 육질 향상을 위해 이용되고 있다. 본 연구는 육종에 많이 이용되는 Duroc 품종의 모계 특이적인 서열의 검색과 계통유전학적 유연관계의 정립을 위하여 미토콘드리아 유전체의 전체 염기서열을 결정하고 집단 내 다형성을 조사하였다. mtDNA 전체 서열의 길이는 16,584-bp 이고, D-loop과 tRNA, rRNA 유전자 영역에서는 삽입/결실이 확인되었다. 4개의 coding gene (COⅡ, COⅢ, ND3, ND4)에서 불완전한 종결코돈을, ND4L과 ND2 유전자는 선택적 개시코돈 양상을 보였다. Duroc 집단에 대한 분석 결과 조절영역에서의 특이적인 11-bp 중복 단위가 일부 개체(15.2%)에서 발견되었고, ND2의 개시코돈과 CYTB 유전자에서도 다형현상을 보였다. 각각의 유전자 영역에서의 다형성은 서로 연관되어 있었고, 그 결과 Duroc 집단은 크게 두 가지 haplotype으로 구분되었다. 계통수에서 Duroc mtDNA 서열은 유럽계열 cluster에 위치하였으나, haplotype 분석과 기존에 연구결과들을 종합해 보면 Duroc 품종은 여러 모계선조 집단에서 기원한 것으로 보이며, 유럽과 아시아 계열 모두가 품종 형성에 이용된 것으로 사료된다된 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 1998

Human uniparental gestations such as gynogenetic ovarian teratomas provide a model to evaluate the integrity of parent-specific gene expression - i.e. imprinting - in the absence of a complementary parental genetic contribution. The few imprinted genes characterized so far include the insulin-like growth factor-2 gene (IGF2) coding for a fetal growth factor and H19 gene whose normal function is unknown but it is likely to act as an mRNA. IGF2 is expressed by the paternal allele and H19 by the maternal allele. This reciprocal expression is quite interesting because both H19 and IGF2 genes are located close to each other on chromosome 11p15.5. In situ RNA hybridization analysis has shown variable expression of the H19 and IGF2 alleles according to the tissue origin in 11 teratomas. Especially, Skin, derivative of ectoderm, is expressed conspicuously. We examined imprinting of H19 and IGF2 in teratomas using PCR and RT-PCR of exonic polymorphism. H19 and IGF2 transcript could be expressed either biallelically or monoallelically in the teratomas. Biallelic expression (i.e., loss of imprinting) of IGF2 occurred in 5 out of 6 mature teratomas and 1 out of 1 immature teratoma. Biallelic expression of H19 occurred in 4 out of 10 mature teratomas and 1 out of 1 immature teratoma. Expression levels of H19 and IGF2 transcript using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR had no relation between monoallelic and biallelic expression. Moreover, IGF2 biallelic expression did not affect allele-specificity or levels of H19 expression. These results demonstrate that both genes, H19 and IGF2, can be imprinted, expressed and regulated independently and individually of each other in ovarian teratoma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권10호
• /
• pp.1485-1489
• /
• 2007

Achaete-scute like 2 (ASCL2) gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor which is essential for the maintenance of proliferating trophoblasts during placental development. ASCL2 gene preferentially expresses the maternal allele in the mouse. However, it escapes genomic imprinting in the human. In this study, the complete open reading frame consisting of 193 amino acids of ASCL2 gene was obtained. Sequence analysis indicated that a C-G mutation existed in the 3' region between Meishan and Large White pigs. The polymorphism was used to determine the monoallelic or biallelic expression with RT-PCR-RFLP in pigs of Large $White{\times}Meishan$ $F_1$ hybrids. Imprinting analysis indicated that the ASCL2 gene expression was biallelic in all the tested tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat, uterus, ovary and pituitary). PCR-RFLP was used to detect the polymorphism in 270 pigs of the "$Large\;White{\times}Meishan$" $F_2$ resource population. The statistical results showed highly significant associations of the genotypes and fat meat percentage (FMP), lean meat percentage (LMP) and ratio of lean to fat (RLF) (p<0.01), and significant associations of the genotypes and loin eye area (LEA) and internal fat rate (IFR) (p<0.05).

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 1992

누에 품종육성을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 7개 품종을 이면교잡하여 얻은 F1 세대에 대한 유전자의 분포상태, 우성정도, 분산성분과 성분비 등을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 8개 형질에서 정방향의 잡종강세를 나타낸 형질은 암견층비율을 제외한 7개 형질이었으며 이 중암전견중, 암용체중은 매우 높은 잡종강세를 나타내었고 부방향의 잡종강세는 암·수견층비율에서 볼 수 있었다. 2. 각 형질에 대한 분산분석의 결과는 세포질의 영향인 모체효과와 정·역간의 효과에서 암견층비율과 암용체중을 제외한 전 형질에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 3. Vr-Wr graph에서 암전견중과 암·수용체중은 초우성을 나타내고 수전견중, 암·수견충중, 암·수견층비율은 불완전우성으로 유전되었다. 4. 유전분산성분에서 수전견중, 암·수견층중, 암·수견층비율은 상가적 효과가 우성효과보다 크게 나타났고, 암전견중은 우성 효과가 상가적 효과보다 크게 표현되었다. 5. 협의의 유전력은 암·수전견중, 암·수견층중, 암·수견층비율에서 0.51 이상으로 높았고, 광의의 유전력은 암용체중을 제외한 전 형질에서 0.77 이상으로 높았다. 6. 우성의 방향은 암견층비율이 부이고, 암·수견층중이 5.22, 6.02로 다소 높았으나 암·수전견중, 수견층비율, 암·수용체중은 정으로 낮았다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권8호
• /
• pp.1223-1234
• /
• 2022

Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), and myogenic factor 6 (MYF6) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens. Methods: An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples. Results: The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of MYOD1 mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in MYF5 mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of MYF6 mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days. Conclusion: Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis.