• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.401-404
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• 2015

Demand on free-form buildings is gradually increasing, yet owing to the difficulty of production-installation work, several problems occur in the construction phase upon construction of a building, including the increased cost and construction duration, and reduced constructibility. To solve these problems, a techonology to produce FCP using a CNC(Computerized Numeric Control) machine is developed. The technology is that the information of designed free-form buildings to the CNC machine is transferred, and the transferred information is used for RTM(Rod-Type Mold, the mold shaped by back-up rods) and PCM(Phase Change Material) shaping, and the shaped RTM and PCM have the role of molds to produce FCP. Construction duration and project cost are limited in building sites, so the efficiency of processes like production-installation of FCP for application of the technology is significant. Since it is almost impossible to change the production-installation process at the construction phase when they are established, process should be deliberately decided. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to propose a production-installation simulation model of free-form concrete panels, in aspect of PCM. This paper is establishing the process for production-installation of FCP, estimating time required by each construction type and proposing a time simulation model that changes according to various constraints based on the analyses. With the time simulation model, it will be possible to build a cost model and to review the optimal construction duration and project cost.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-89
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• 1978

The analyzed results of the actual state of stow net fishery based on the cost expended are as follows. According to the calculation of interests, the total cost of this fishery comes to ￦38,010,653 and in this account, the production cost comes to ￦35,477,198(93.3%), the material cost, 14,567,239(38.3%), the labour cost, 12,740,274(33.5%), the expenses, ￦8,169,685(21.5%), the commision and administration expenses, 2,533,455(6.7%). The expenses for this fishery are paid out as production costs, and the expenses for sale and administration expenses are the lowest of them, and the 93% of expenses are paid out as production costs. The ratio of cost element to 100% is as follow. The wages, 28.4%, fuel, 15.2%, repair, 11.6%, deprecation, 9.5%, fishing gear, 8.7%, ice, 6.1%, container(box for fish), 5.2% administration expenses, 5.2%, food, 3.5%, ship grar, 3.2%, public welfare, 1.7%, commision for sale, 1.5%, insurance for crew, 0.2%, taxes, 0.2%. This fishery is managed with the larger fishing boat than it was and so, it demands better crews with higher wages. In the former fishery, the search for fishing ground is very difficult with long navigation and great fuel consumption. when the weak fishing gears are used, the expenses for their repair and for their gears are greatly paid out. The unit costs of catches to each box come to ￦2.807(￦187 each kg). As the ratio of cost of sales comes to 86.7%and the ratio of interests comes to ￦5,850,812(13.3%), and so the net profit comes to 13.3% of total profits. According to above the ratio of cost of sales is shown as a universal validity, Asthe total expenses comes to 86.7% to the money on sales in the break-even point, the break-even point comes to ￦26,209,168 Accordingly for the profit control the account of production should be raised, and by the saving method of expenditure the break-even point should be brought down for the development of total profits.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.4951-4957
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• 2016

Background: Apart from reducing occupational exposure to cytotoxic hazards, the PhaSeal(R) closed-system transfer device (CSTD) can extend the beyond-use dates (BUDs) of unfinished vials of antineoplastic drugs for up to 168 hours (seven days). In this study, the total material cost incurred by its use in a Malaysian government-funded hospital was calculated. Methods: A list of vial stability following initial needle punctures of 29 commonly-used antineoplastic drugs was compiled. The amount of the materials used, including drugs, infusion bottles, the PhaSeal(R) CSTD and other consumables, was recorded on a daily basis for three months in 2015. The total cost was calculated based on the actual acquisition costs, and was compared with that of a hypothetical scenario, whereby conventional syringe-needle sets were used for the same amounts of preparations. Results: The use of the PhaSeal(R) CSTD incurred a cost of MYR 383,634.52 (USD 92,072.28) in three months, representing an average of MYR 170.5 (USD 40.92) per preparation or an estimated annual cost of MYR 1,534,538.08 (USD 368,289.14). Compared with conventional syringe-needle approach, it is estimated to lead to an additional spending of MYR 148,627.68 (USD 35,670.64) yearly. Conclusion: Although there was a reduction of drug wastage achieved by extending BUDs of unfinished vials using the PhaSeal(R) CSTD, cost saving was not observed, likely attributable to the wide use of lower-priced generic drugs in Malaysia. Future studies should further evaluate the possibility of cost saving, especially in health settings where branded and high-cost antineoplastic drugs are more commonly used.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to find out how a company can do reasonable cost calculations in a simple way and establish profitability improvement strategies based on the results. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, a case that compounding company K applied TDABC was studied. A case study was conducted on the process of company K reviewing and applying TDABC and the process of implementing the cost calculation for each product by applying TDABC, and establishing a profitability improvement strategy for each product based on the results. Findings - Company K rearranged the production standard information of the compounding industry such as productivity and batch size of each product to apply TDABC. Cost calculation was performed for each product according to the revised production standard information. After the cost calculation for each product was carried out, Company K established a strategy to improve profitability of each product. The profitability improvement strategy was implemented in two ways: a cost reduction strategy and a product price increase strategy. As a result of the final strategy execution, the profitability of each product was improved. Research implications or Originality - This study found a reasonable costing standard in consideration of the specificity of the research target company, and applied it to cost calculation cost for each product. It contains the process of establishing production and sales strategies for each product based on the cost calculation results. It is expected that this case study will serve as a good reference material for establishing cost calculation and profitability improvement strategies in similar businesses.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.168-175
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• 2011

Construction accidents are major problem in Turkish Construction industry and especially fatally rates are very high. Current legislative system on occupational safety in Turkey enforces employers to implement safety measures as well as safety management systems. However level of consciousness in the industry is unsatisfactory and safety are perceived as extra cost and unnecessary expenditure. Moreover, especially in small residential building constructions which have a big share in the industry and unfortunately safety measures to mitigate or abate construction risks do not exist. The study focuses on small residential building construction sites and in the scope of this study, thirty building projects are examined. For each building project, project cost including labour and material costs, service and consultancy costs for mechanical, electrical systems as well as architectural and structural services, costs for supervision and finally general expenditures for construction site facilities were calculated. On the other hand, occupational safety costs for personal protective equipment, collective protective measures, consultancy and training were determined. Work breakdown structures were established and for each work item firstly occupational risks were evaluated and furthermore according to risk scores safety measures to be implemented were defined and related costs were calculated. The study gave results for total safety cost on average, in terms of percentage of total project cost (3.73% of total project cost), safety cost per man-hour (0.40 USD) and safety cost in terms of unit construction area (11.60 USD per square meter). Since safety management is a part of whole project management process, study gives suggestions and techniques to calculate safety costs and implement safety measures as a part of project management service for professionals. Authors believe that suggested approach may easily developed by the usage of more data to establish a model for estimation not only for building construction sites but also for all construction projects.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2015

Recently, the usage of renewable energy system has been recommended because of the energy saving and depletion of fossil fuel. Especially, ground source heat pump system(GSHP) has a high efficiency by using annual stable ground temperature. Also, wood pellet is low cost and a high calorific value compared to fossil fuel. However, only small number of farms have applied renewable energy system to horticultural facility because of a high initial costs and uncertainty of its cost efficiency. In this study, in order to analyze the feasibility for the horticulture, TRNSYS simulation based on the standard horticultural facility was conducted in different weather and covering material conditions. Then, comparative feasibility analysis of each energy supplying system was conducted. As a result, we have found out that a high initial cost of renewable energy system was recovered by the economics of the energy cost. Due to the energy cost reduction, the payback periods were 10-11 years in the case of GSHP and 4-6 years in the case of wood pellet boiler.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 1997

MARKAL model was applied for assessment of iron and steel technology for the year of 2032 considering cost and environmental effects based on 1992. Technology, energy and material flows were analyzed in iron and steel sector. Reference iron and steel system was designed according to this analysis. Six scenarios were developed considering cost and environmental limitations such as CO$_2$emission control and SOx reduction cost. Competitiveness of technologies in iron and steel sector was assessed under different environmental limitations with cost minimization. Through this study, it was confirmed that MARKAL model can be applied to technology assessment in the field of iron and steel industry.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.385-404
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• 2018

The study investigated an area of sustainable structural design that is often overlooked in practical engineering applications. Specifically, a novel method to simultaneously optimise the cost and embodied carbon performance of steel building structures was explored in this paper. To achieve this, a parametric design model was developed to analyse code compliant structural configurations based on project specific constraints and rigorous testing of various steel beam sections, floor construction typologies (precast or composite) and column layouts that could not be performed manually by engineering practitioners. Detailed objective functions were embedded in the model to compute the cost and life cycle carbon emissions of the different material types used in the structure. Results from a comparative numerical analysis of a real case study illustrated that the proposed optimisation approach could guide structural engineers towards areas of the solution space with realistic design configurations, enabling them to effectively evaluate trade-offs between cost and carbon performance. This significant contribution implied that the optimisation model could reduce the time required for the design and analysis of multiple structural configurations especially during the early stages of a project. Overall, the paper suggested that the deployment of automated design procedures can enhance the quality as well as the efficiency of the optimisation analysis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-70
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• 2012

To enhance cable stiffness, this paper proposed a combined application of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) and steel materials, resulting in a novel type of hybrid stay cable system especially for the cable-stayed bridges with main span lengths of 1400~2800 m. In this combination, CFRP materials can conserve all their advantages such as light weight and high strength; while steel materials help increase the equivalent stiffness to compensate for the low elastic modulus of CFRP materials. An increase of the equivalent stiffness of the hybrid stay cable system could be further obtained with a reasonable increase of its safety factor. Following this concept, a series of parametric studies for the hybrid stay cable system with the consideration of stiffness and cost were carried out. Three design strategies/criteria, namely, best equivalent stiffness with a given safety factor, highest ratio of equivalent stiffness to material cost with a given safety factor, and best equivalent stiffness under a given cost were proposed from the stiffness and cost viewpoints. Finally, a comprehensive design procedure following the proposed design strategies was suggested. It was shown that the proposed hybrid stay cable system could be a good alternative to the pure CFRP or traditional steel stay cables in the future applications of super long span bridges.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2013

As the construction industry develops, environmental pollution gets increasingly serious, giving damage including the increase of incidence of respiratory diseases and skin diseases among children with weakened immune systems, rather than adults. In daycare centers, infants and children spending much of their time, have high frequency of contact with the interior floor finish material. However, the majority of the child care centers don not use eco-friendly flooring but ordinary monorium flooring, because the initial investment cost of the eco-friendly flooring is higher than ordinary monorium flooring. Therefore, in this study, life cycle costs including the initial investment cost of the eco-friendly flooring and ordinary monorium flooring were calculated, demonstrating that the eco-friendly flooring is more economical than ordinary monorium flooring in terms of life-cycle cost. In addition, the analysis of the environmental performance also showed the excellence of the eco-friendly floor finishes. It is expected that the use of the eco-friendly floor finishes will increase due to their excellence in the aspect of life cycle cost and eco-friendly performance, through this study.