• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.109-113
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• 2007

This paper introduces a system, Simulation based Stochastic Markup Estimation System (S2ME), for estimating optimum markup for a project. The system was designed and implemented to better represent the real world system involved in construction bidding. The findings obtained from the analysis of existing assumptions used in the previous quantitative markup estimation methods were incorporated to improve the accuracy and predictability of the S2ME. The existing methods has four categories of assumption as follows; (1) The number of competitors and who is the competitors are known, (2) A typical competitor, who is fictitious, is assumed for easy computation, (3) the ratio of bid price against cost estimate (B/C) is assumed to follow normal distribution, (4) The deterministic output obtained from the probabilistic equation of existing models is assumed to be acceptable. However, these assumptions compromise the accuracy of prediction. In practice, the bidding patterns of the bidders are randomized in competitive bidding. To complement the lack of accuracy contributed by these assumptions, bidding project was randomly selected from the pool of bidding database in the simulation experiment. The probability to win the bid in the competitive bidding was computed using the profile of the competitors appeared in the selected bidding project record. The expected profit and probability to win the bid was calculated by selecting a bidding record randomly in an iteration of the simulation experiment under the assumption that the bidding pattern retained in historical bidding DB manifest revival. The existing computation, which is handled by means of deterministic procedure, were converted into stochastic model using simulation modeling and analysis technique as follows; (1) estimating the probability distribution functions of competitors' B/C which were obtained from historical bidding DB, (2) analyzing the sensitivity against the increment of markup using normal distribution and actual probability distribution estimated by distribution fitting, (3) estimating the maximum expected profit and optimum markup range. In the case study, the best fitted probability distribution function was estimated using the historical bidding DB retaining the competitors' bidding behavior so that the reliability was improved by estimating the output obtained from simulation experiment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.139-141
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• 2001

기존의 제안서 접수 및 평가 방식은 수작업이 대부분을 차지하여 많은 인력과 시간이 소요되며 정확성도 완전히 보장할 수 없는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 비효율적인 방식을 개선하기 위해서 접수 및 평가과정을 웹상에서 자동화하여, 문서 작성자, 접수자, 평가자 및 관리자들이 좀 더 편리하게 관련 작업을 처리할 수 있게 하였다. 자동화를 도입하기 위한 방법으로 HWP 문서의 구조 정보를 표현할 수 있는 마크업(markup) 언어인 HWPML(HWP Markup Language : 이하 HML)을 사용하였으며, HML 문서를 파싱(parsing)하여 필요한 정보만을 추출하여 XML(eXtensible Markup Language) 문서를 생성하였다. 이렇게 생성된 XML 문서는 논리적인 구조 정보를 가지고 있고 플랫폼 및 소프트웨어 중립적이기 때문에 효과적인 검색, 관리 및 공유가 가능한 시스템 환경을 제공한다. 이 기법으로 표준 언어로 부각되고 있는 XML 형태의 문서 관리를 기존의 워드 프로세서 형태의 문서 관리에 확장 적용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 자동화 시스템의 구조와 문서 변환 기법을 제안하였다.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.19-35
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• 2018

This paper is to estimate the total factor productivity(TFP) in the Korean manufacturing and service industries during the period 1975:1-2016:4 using the stochastic frontier analysis model. In order to analyze the determinants for the total factor productivity the paper estimates the industry-specific determinant elasticities of TFP using the autoregressive distributed model. The industry-specific determinants, which reflect the industrial structure and properties include markup, the ratio of capital to labor(KL), and the ratio of foreign intermediate goods (FIG) to industrial output. The average value for total factor productivity growth was estimated to be 0.0199 in manufacturing and 0.0063 in the service industry. The markup and KL elasticities of TFP were estimated to be 2.481 and 0.651 in manufacturing respectively and -1.403 and 0.042 in the service industry respectively. The empirical results suggest that the industrial markup and the ratio of capital to labor have had decisive effects on the changes in the total factor productivity in the Korean manufacturing and service industries during the period 1975:1-2016:4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.472-484
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• 2004

인터넷 쇼핑이 성장하면서 비교쇼핑몰의 중요성도 그만큼 증가하고 있다. 그러나 현재의 비교쇼핑몰들은 웹으로부터 제품가격정보와 같은 단순한 XML 데이터만을 수집하여 비교할 뿐, 배송비와 같이 규칙을 기반으로 한 정확한 비교는 제공하지 못하고 있다. 각 쇼핑몰은 저마다 배송비에 관한 정책을 다양하게 제시하고 있으나 비교쇼핑몰에서는 이를 반영할 구조를 가지고 있지 못하기 때문이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 규칙 기반의 추론을 이용해 상품가격에 배송비를 포함하여 비교를 수행할 수 있는 비교쇼핑몰을 구현하고자 한다. 이를 위해 eXtensible Rule Markup Language (XRML)를 이용하여 각 쇼핑몰의 웹페이지의 문장과 표로부터 규칙을 습득하는 방안을 제시하였다. 이 구조를 이용하면 웹페이지에서 완전에 가까운 규칙을 자동생성할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 각 사이트에서 변화가 발생하면 이를 반영하여 규칙을 일관성있게 수정하도록 지원할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 인터넷 상의 대표적 서점인 Amazon.com, BarnesandNoble.com, Powells.com에 대해 XRML을 기반으로 설계한 비교쇼핑몰의 프로토타입 ConsiderD를 개발하였다. 이 과정에서 웹으로 부터 규칙을 자동생성 할 수 있는 잠재력을 검정하고, 배송비 효과의 중요성을 실험을 통해 예시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1326-1331
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• 2005

A product is designed through the collaboration among engineers in several fields such as design, analysis, and manufacturing. These series of functions are performed repeatedly during the design process. An easy access and exchange of the model data is one of the important elements that help to shorten production development time. Especially, the importance of data exchange between CAD and CAE applications is increasing in the field of verification and estimation of the products. However, information and knowledge of model which is generated by a CAD software cannot be transferred by a function of CAE software, as an exchange of product data between CAD and CAE applications. It causes a delay in design analysis and eventually discourages a designer's effort in improving his design. Therefore, we need to integrate a commercial CAD and CAE applications effectively and to use the same interface on a product model obtained in a distributed environment. This paper shows how to implement a model exchange between CAD and CAE by a web-service and how to provide a communication environment among engineers.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.185-199
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• 2005

With the growth of internet shopping malls, there is increasing interest in comparison shopping mall. However most comparison sites compare only book prices by collecting simple XML data and do not provide .the exact comparison Including precise shipping costs. Shipping costs vary depending on each customer's address, the delivery method, and the category of selected goods, so rule based system is required in order to calculate exact shipping costs. Therefore, we designed and implemented comparison shopping mall which compares not only book prices but also shipping costs using rule based inference. By adopting the extensible Rule Markup language (XRML) approach, we proposed the methodology of extracting delivery rules from Web pages of each shopping mall. The XRML approach can facilitate nearly automatic rule extraction from Web pages and consistency maintenance between Web pages and rule base. We developed a ConsiderD system which applies our rule acquisition methodology based on XRML. The objective of the ConsiderD system is to compare the exact total cost of books including the delivery cost over Amazon.com, BarnesandNoble.com, and Powells.com. With this prototype, we conducted an experiment to show the potential of automatic rule acquisition from Web pages and illustrate the effect of delivery cost.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.12 s.189
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• pp.95-102
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• 2006

A product is designed through the collaboration among engineers in several fields such as design, analysis, and manufacturing. These series of functions are performed repeatedly during the design process. An easy access and exchange of the model data is one of the important elements that help to shorten production development time. Especially, the importance of data exchange between CAD and CAE applications is increasing in the field of verification and estimation of the products. However, information and knowledge of model which is generated by a CAD software cannot be transferred by a function of CAE software, as an exchange of product data between CAD and CAE applications. It causes a delay in design analysis and eventually discourages a designer's effort in improving his design. Therefore, we need to integrate a commercial CAD and CAE applications effectively and to use the same interface on a product model obtained in a distributed environment. This paper shows how to implement a model exchange between CAD and CAE by a web-service and how to provide a communication environment among engineers.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2014

This paper is to develop and estimate a closed form inflation model using the estimates for real marginal costs in manufacturing industries during the sample period 1975-2010. The production function in manufacturing industry incorporates labor, capital, domestic material, and foreign material, assuming constant returns to scale technology and AR(1) process of technological coefficient. We derive real marginal costs from firm's cost minimization with quarterly data and provide new evidences on the new Keynesian Phillips curve for Korea. The main empirical result is that the closed form coefficients ${\delta}_1$ and ${\delta}^{-1}_2$ in manufacturing for PPI inflation proved to be 0.5086 and 0.8779 respectively, similar to the estimates in the U.S. case. These results also are consistent with the functional relationship between the coefficients in hybrid model and its closed form. Thus the paper suggests that the empirical studies on inflation dynamics need to focus on the manufacturing industry with market power, treating PPI inflation as the dependent variable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.32 no.4_1
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• pp.353-361
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• 2014

The study has planned to analyze the most typical specification validation in Korea and the other countries, which shows the well-formed and schema validation, in purpose to enhance users' conveniences. Also, we suggested the validation system to provide the information compatibility regarding to application programs for non-expert. The featured KML specification supported by the VWorld 3D Desktop and the Google Earth. Based on this above estimation, the system has been designed to inform potential problems and the applicability in 3D Desktop and Google Earth for the user. The KML information passed through the proposed validation is simply expressed on the map, so as instructed the information on the program selection and additional details instruct users as a text file. When not being suitable for the proposed program, another program can be considered, and the problems which may be occurred are also announced to increase the compatibility of KML.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.3-26
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• 1992

The pupose of this paper is to construct a price determination model of the Korean economy and to find out the propogation mechanism of monetary and fiscal policies. The model is a small-size macroeconometric model consisted of ten core equations : consumption, investment, exports, imports, consumer price index, wage rate, corporate bond rate, potential GNP, capital stock, and GNP identity. The model is a Keynesian model : consumer price index is determined by markup over costs, and wage rate is expressed by Phillipse curve ralation. Two features of the model, however, distinguish this model from other macroeconometric models of the Korean economy. First of all, the estimation of potential GNP and the capital stock is endogenized as suggested by Haque, Lahiri, and Montiel (1990). This allows us to calculate the level of excess demand, which is defined as the difference between the actual GNP and the potential GNP. Second, interest rate, inflation and wages are all estimated as endogenous variables. Moreover, all quantity variables include price variables as important determinants. For instance, interest rate is an important determinant of consumption and investment. Exports and imports are determined by the real effective exchange rate. These two features make the interactions between excess demand and prices the driving forces of this model. In the model, any shock which affects quantity variable(s) affects excess demand, which in turn affects prices. This strong interaction between prices and quantities makes the model look like a classical model over the long run. That is, increases in money supply, government expenditures, and exchange rate (the price of the U.S. dollar in terms of Korean won) all have expansionery effects on the real GNP in the short run, but prices, wage, and interest rate all increase as a result. Over the long run, higher prices have dampenning effects on output. Therefore the level of real GNP turns out to be not much different from the baseline level ; on the other hand, the rates of inflation, wage and interest rate remain at higher levels.