• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.254-260
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to grasp the actual condition toward the clothing of senior males' and perception of male's formal wear companies for silver market through a survey targeting senior males and clothing companies. The survey was conducted targeting 196 senior males and chief-patterners of 7 companies' 10 brands. The questionnaire distributed to senior males was consisted of 22 items regarding the perception and satisfaction on clothes. And 12 items concerning the perception of senior male clothing brands and the size system was developed for clothing companies. The results of the study are as follows. The study revealed that most senior males perceived that brand clothing for them was necessary. More than half of the respondents were not satisfied with ready-made clothes. And many senior males prefer ready-made clothing when they purchase their clothes. For these reasons, senior males apparel market might be promising. Currently, the perception of male's formal wear companies on the need of brand was high. However, considering that brand launching might be difficult to be realized soon I presume that size spectrum based on body size of senior males is necessary which reflect their physical characteristics and activities.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.1 s.54
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• pp.88-97
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide a guideline for the bathroom fixtures of the aged by examining current status. The study has been carried out by measuring physical size of 50 aged peoples over 65 years old and their bathroom fixture status. The results were revealed as follows; 1. The height of washstand is $0.46\~0.52$ time of person's height. Adequate height of wash stand is proposed as $74\~80$ cm. The height of current market available wash stand is very close to the proposed size. 2. The height of toilet is $0.23\~0.27$ time of person's height. Adequate height of toilet is proposed as $38\~41$ cm. The height of current market available toilet is also very close to the proposed size. 3. The height of bathtub is $0.26\~0.35$ time of person's height. Adequate height of bath tub is proposed as $45\~49$ cm. The proposed height is higher than that of current bath tub available in the market. However, it should be noted that the proposed height is the sum of bath tub it self and elevation during actual installation. As stated above, it is revealed that the physical dimensions of the bathroom fixtures in the current market are properly sized. However, to draw more practical guideline for the bathroom fixture, more studies including actual experimentation will be required in the future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.517-523
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• 2021

Audit quality encompasses the key elements that create an environment that maximizes the likelihood that quality audits are performed consistently. This study aimed to identify the impact of auditing quality on the market value of the manufacturing companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The analytical method was adopted in this research to extract and collect the necessary data. This study hypothesizes that audit quality leads to an increase in the market value by the offering of high-quality services. The study used the panel data approach to analyze cross-sectional data for 41 industrial companies that included time series data for the period (2019-2019). To test its hypotheses, the study used the fixed-effect model. The study found that the audit quality factors (audit office size, client retention period, auditor's fees, and linking with international audit offices) did not have a significant impact on market value. It found also the positive impact of the audit office size on the market value of the listed companies on the ASE for the period from 2009 to 2019. The study recommended the management of the company realize the importance of contracting with audit offices of large size and good reputation because these offices are more capable of increasing their efficiency, qualifying their employees, and thus be fully prepared for the audit process efficiently and effectively.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

Purpose: At a time when the distribution industry is dominated by capital and technology, win-win growth among businesses groups (BGs) in wholesale market is becoming a social issue. Therefore, through analysis of market growth, market concentration (MC) and market power (MP), we want to identify the structure of the wholesale market and the competitiveness of the BGs in terms of market share (MS), sales-profit ratio (SPR), and labor productivity (LP) to explore the possibility of win-win growth. Market situation: Wholesale and Retail sales ratio (W/S) continues to increase, which also means inefficiency in distribution channels or opportunities in wholesale markets. Wholesale sales have grown 8.3 percent annually over the past 15 years, while the number of companies and workers has declined since 2017, which is why some restructuring is believed to begin in the wholesale industry. In terms of MC and MP, the growth potential of SBG can be found in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. Methodology and data: Through ANOVA and Regression Analysis, the 2015 Economic Census Data of KOSTAT was analyzed. Results: The results of ANOVA show that statistically significant SBG has a larger MS than LBG. The SPR was not different among BGs. LP is higher for LBG than for other BGs. Regression results show that the employment weight (EW) and the company size (SC) have positive effects on the MS, but the company weight (CW) and employment size (SE) have negative effects. In the case of SPR, the CW is positive and the EW is negative. In addition, LP appears to be more positive as SC in the BGs is larger. Conclusions: Although there is sufficient potential for SBG in the wholesale market, there is a problem that needs to increase LP. Therefore, the SBG needs to restructure in terms of number of companies and SC to improve the efficiency of employment. In terms of MC and MP, the SBG looks for possibilities in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. In addition, SBG that seeks higher returns with human services rather than simple sales is found to be competitive in the HHG, MES and CME BTs.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2019

Purpose - The major aim of this article is to advance understanding of the relationship between market orientation and speed-to-market. Specifically, this study examines the different impacts of component of market orientation on commitment to R&D and speed-to-market and explores whether market uncertainty plays a role of moderating in speed-to-market for market-oriented firms. Research design, data, and methodology - This study collected a survey data from Korean exporting firms. The Final sample size was 196. The measure of market orientation was conceptualized with second order constructs. All items were measured on five-point scale. To confirm hypotheses, this study conducted a hierarchical regression. Results - As sub-constructs of market orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation and interfunctional coordination foster speed-to-market, and the relationship between only customer orientation and speed-to-market might be weakened when the extent of market uncertainty is high. Conclusions - This study confirmed the relationship between market orientation and speed-to-market, with three components of market orientation respectively, and whether market uncertainty plays a role of moderating which weaken the link between market orientation and speed-to-market. It could be useful to take a component approach to the market orientation construct, because the roles of different market orientation components might vary, contingent on uncertainty in the environment.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.269-280
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• 2022

With the rise of a decentralized finance market (so called, DeFi) using blockchain technology, users and capital liquidity of decentralized finance applications are increasing significantly. The Automated Market Maker (AMM) is a protocol that automatically calculates the asset price based on the liquidity of the decentralized trading platform, and is currently most commonly used in the decentralized exchanges (DEX), since it can proceed the transactions by utilizing the liquidity pool of the trading platform even if the buyers and sellers do not exist at the same time. However, Automated Market Maker have some disadvantages since the cost efficiency of each transaction using Automated Market Maker depends on the liquidity size of some liquidity pools used for the transaction, so the smaller the size of the liquidity pool and the larger the transaction size, the smaller the cost efficiency of the trade. To solve this problem, some platforms are adopting Transaction Path Routing Algorithm that bypasses transaction path to other liquidity pools that have relatively large size to improve cost efficiency, but this algorithm can be further improved because it uses only a single transaction path to proceed each transaction. In addition to just bypassing transaction path, in this paper we proposed a Multi-Path Routing Algorithm that uses multiple transaction paths simultaneously by distributing transaction size, and showed that the cost efficiency of transactions can be further improved in the Automated Market Maker-based trading environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.598-610
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to present a flexible and satisfactory clothing design for girls aged 4 to 6 years of age, which can be worn comfortably for 3 years, during that age range. This study focuses attention on the need for well-fitting clothes in the young girls' market, and provides a basis for development of designs that can be worn for a long time, are comfortable for children to wear, and reflect preferences of both children and parents. Documentary research was executed to examine the history and changes of children's wear. Internet and market research were carried out to understand the current situation of girls' clothing in Korea. In-depth interview subjects were girls aged 4 to 6 and their guardians. Subjects were asked questions related to children's wear size and design, and measurements were taken of child subjects. Children's wear on the Internet was found to be trendy and inexpensive but of a low quality, as was children's wear at Dongdaemun market. Children's wear at department stores was of high quality and pretty, but did not consider size much and was expensive. One problem of the Korean children's wear market was lack of a unified size system. In-depth interviewees pointed out that there are not many clothes that fit their children perfectly. Problems included t-shirt, sleeve and pants length. Parents said they preferred simple and clean designs, and children interviewees all liked pink dresses and skirts. Children's physical measurements presented by Size Korea were compared and verified with measurements taken of child interviewees, and used as a basis for patterns. The study presented two designs for girls of ages 4 to 6 to wear all through that age range. A sample was made for one of the designs, and an evaluation showed very successful results.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.37-45
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• 2015

Purpose - This paper's aim is to investigate whether or not gross profitability explains the cross-sectional variation of the stock returns in the Korean stock market. Gross profitability is an alternative profitability measure proposed by Novy-Marx in 2013 to predict cross-sectional variation of stock returns in the US. He shows that the gross profitability adds explanatory power to the Fama-French 3 factor model. Interestingly, gross profitability is negatively correlated with the book-to-market ratio. By confirming the gross profitability premium in the Korean stock market, we may provide some implications regarding the well-known value premium. In addition, our empirical results may provide opportunities for the fund distribution industry to promote brand new styles of funds. Research design, data, and methodology - For our empirical analysis, we collect monthly market prices of all the companies listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) of the Korea Exchanges (KRX). Our sample period covers July1994 to December2014. The data from the company financial statementsare provided by the financial information company WISEfn. First, using Fama-Macbeth cross-sectional regression, we investigate the relation between gross profitability and stock return performance. For robustness in analyzing the performance of the gross profitability strategy, we consider value weighted portfolio returns as well as equally weighted portfolio returns. Next, using Fama-French 3 factor models, we examine whether or not the gross profitability strategy generates excess returns when firmsize and the book-to-market ratio are controlled. Finally, we analyze the effect of firm size and the book-to-market ratio on the gross profitability strategy. Results - First, through the Fama-MacBeth cross-sectional regression, we show that gross profitability has almost the same explanatory power as the book-to-market ratio in explaining the cross-sectional variation of the Korean stock market. Second, we find evidence that gross profitability is a statistically significant variable for explaining cross-sectional stock returns when the size and the value effect are controlled. Third, we show that gross profitability, which is positively correlated with stock returns and firm size, is negatively correlated with the book-to-market ratio. From the perspective of portfolio management, our results imply that since the gross profitability strategy is a distinctive growth strategy, value strategies can be improved by hedging with the gross profitability strategy. Conclusions - Our empirical results confirm the existence of a gross profitability premium in the Korean stock market. From the perspective of the fund distribution industry, the gross profitability portfolio is worthy of attention. Since the value strategy portfolio returns are negatively correlated with the gross profitability strategy portfolio returns, by mixing both portfolios, investors could be better off without additional risk. However, the profitable firms are dissimilar from the value firms (high book-to-market ratio firms); therefore, an alternative factor model including gross profitability may help us understand the economic implications of the well-known anomalies such as value premium, momentum, and low volatility. We reserve these topics for future research.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The main goal of this study is to show promising future food market of Northeast Asia countries, including China, Japan, and South Korea. Drinks market, including soft and alcoholic drinks is selected to show global food companies new opportunities for next strategic movements. Market Attractiveness Matrix is developed based on BCG matrix as a main framework for this study. CDI (Category Development Index) is also used. It is found that Asia-pacific has fast-growing markets and it has strong potential for future investment. Northeast Asia countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) turned out to be ones of the most attractive regional markets. However, European drinks market is saturated even though its size is still big. This study suggests that Northeast Asian market be considered a market for the next strategic movement and investment.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

The presence of transmission congestion may reduce the market size and split the bulk power system into smaller systems. Consequently, this can be a key factor to the increase in market price. This paper analyzes the effect of exercising local market power on the market price, and derives a range of indices which quantify the degree and incentive of local market power through statistical analysis in an electricity market with uniform pricing scheme. The applicability and effectiveness of the derived indices on competitive electricity markets are demonstrated on the Korea electricity market.