• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.25-34
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• 2012

Understanding customer' lifestyles important for banks because it will guide in determining marketing policies, such as services, pricing, service delivery and promotion decisions. From the customer' lifestyle, banks will know what kind of customers' attitudes, interests and opinions, so they also will understand what the costumer' needs and what services needed by them. For Islamic banks, customers understanding are important because, nowadays, the competition of the banks is not only with other Islamic banks but also with the well-established conventional banks offering Islamic products or services The aims of this research paper are to describe what factors underline the customer's lifestyle of both Islamic and conventional bank, to segment the bank customers based on their lifestyles and investigate the profile of each segments, to compare the characteristics of the segments, and to identify marketing policies based on the characteristics. The population of the study is banking customers in Indonesia, in which the researchers have used judgment sampling as sample selection. There were 186 customers of Islamic banks and 244 customers of conventional bank as respondents in this study. Statistical methods employed were exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis. The finding of the study shows that there are twelve factor underlining the customers' lifestyle, namely: factor of fashion conscious, internet usage, sports spectator, financial and technology optimism, price sensitivity, independent, compulsive housekeeper, new brand tryer community activities, opinion leader, credit usage, and homebody. In addition, for Islamic banking, there are two market segments, namely fashionable-independent and innovative-social segment. Based on the lifestyle characteristics, the first segment has higher level in factor of fashion conscious, homebody, independent, optimism and price conscious, which is therefore called fashionable-independent segment. On the other hand, the second cluster has higher level in factor of new brand tryer, community minded, sport spectator, credit user, internet usage, opinion leader, and compulsive housekeeper, which is therefore called the innovative-social segment. Furthermore, for conventional banking, there are also two segments, namely persuasive-optimistic and sensitive-independent segment. The first segment has higher level on some factors, namely: opinion leader, optimism, internet usage rate, credit usage level, sport spectator, and new brand tryer. On the other hand, the second cluster is characterized by higher level in factor of price conscious, confidence, community minded, homebody, fashion conscious, and compulsive housekeeper. Managerial implications for the management of Islamic banks could be identified in this study as follows. Firstly, the twelve lifestyle factors of this study could be an alternative view in observe Islamic banking customers. The domination of both the fashionable conscious and the internet usage factor show that the aspects are quite instrumental in perceiving the customer' lifestyles, in which reflects the importance of these two aspects to customers. Secondly, in serving their customers, Islamic banks need to understand the customer lifestyle, in which the lifestyle segments found in this study provide a guide of how their needs were reflected. Finally, by understanding the segments and the characteristics each segment of the conventional banks, Islamic banks could adjust their marketing strategies differently from the conventional banks.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.385-392
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• 2016

Market analysis for a business plain is required for the success in the modern world. Most important part in this analysis is pedestrian traffic counting. A traditional way for this is counting it in person. However, it causes high labor costs and mistakes. This paper proposes an automatic algorithm to measure the pedestrian traffic count using images with webcam. The proposed algorithm is composed of two parts: pedestrian area detection and movement tracking. In pedestrian area detection, moving blobs are extracted and pedestrian areas are detected using HoG features and Adaboost algorithm. In movement tracking, multi-level matching and false positive removal are applied to track pedestrian areas and count the pedestrian traffic. Multi-level matching is composed of 3 steps: (1) the similarity calculation between HoG area, (2) the similarity calculation of the estimated position with Kalman filtering, and (3) the similarity calculation of moving blobs in the pedestrian area detection. False positive removal is to remove invalid pedestrian area. To analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, a comparison is performed with the previous human area detection and tracking algorithm. The proposed algorithm achieves 83.6% accuracy in the pedestrian traffic counting, which is better than the previous algorithm over 11%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

This study attempts to improve the understanding of the rapidly growing online video platform market such as Youtube and OTT, and to investigate the attributes and relative importance of them. For this purpose, the factors that influence the choice to use were derived through literature studies and the Focus Group Interview (FGI), and the priority of the factors was calculated through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The upper layer of the AHP structure was 'Relationship', 'Entertainment', 'Informativity', and 'Convenience', and the lower layer was structured into 13 elements. The importance priority analysis among the factors that influence the choice to use was done by teenagers, 20s, and 30s and the results are summarized as follows : First, Users consider the 'Just for fun' and 'Satisfaction of interests' as the most important factors, followed by 'Easy accessibility to use', 'Vicarious satisfaction', 'Usefulness of Information', and 'Up-to-dateness of information'. Second, the ranking of the upper layer was in the order of 'Entertainment'-'Informativity'-'Convenience'-'Relationship'.As a result of AHP,'Entertainment' was 3.6 times more important than 'Relationship'. In the comparison by age group, only teenagers regarded that 'Convenience' is more important than 'Informativity'. According to the characteristics of the age group, the lower layer of teenagers consider 'Convenient function' to be important and ranked 'Usefulness of information' in 8^th. While 'Vicarious satisfaction' ranked 4th out of 13 factors in the entire age group, those in their 20s and 30s ranked 8^th, showing a difference. In the case of 20s, 'Reasonable price' was ranked 4th and the 'Diversity of Information' was ranked 5th, Otherwise 30s consider 'Trustworthiness of Information' to the third. Third, unlike 'Convenience' which was the lower-rank in the upper layer AHP analysis, 'Easy accessibility to use', the lower-layer of convenience, ranked third overall in the importance analysis among the 13 lower-layer factors, and showed a similar patterns in the age groups results. In the conclusion, this study demonstrates that 'Convenience' and 'Vicarious satisfaction' factors, which were not relatively well addressed in the previous studies, are the key factors to be considered in. By presenting the results of the importance analysis on each of the selected attributes, This study has a practical implication that Industries such as on-line video service platform provider can use the importance priority in establishing the directions of future strategy.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.131-154
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• 2012

Existing researches on tax efficiency of environmental taxes mostly focuses on taxes imposed on the consumption process of the final output, or goods that create pollution during the input process of intermediate goods. The assumption here is that there is a significant relation between the consumption of polluting goods and the pollution itself. However, in reality they are not identical. This signifies that the above assumption may distort the actual results. This study classifies environmental tax into two different forms, output tax and emission tax. Theformer is the tax that is imposed on the consumption of polluting goods, while the latter is directly levied onto the emission of pollution. It then compares the efficiency of these taxes through the computational general equilibrium simulations. After analyzing the simulation, it was proven that the direct imposition on pollution, or environmental tax as emission tax, was more effective in terms of tax efficiency. Furthermore, these results were revealed as irrelevant to the assumption of homotheticity in utility function. Thus, if market-distortionary tax already exist, then the effectiveness of revenue neutral environmental tax reform will be sensitive to the assumption of homotheticity for utility function. However, environmental taxes as emission taxes have been shown to be more effective in tax efficiency than output taxes.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2017

Construction projects have been observed to have problems of project delays and disruptions and the South African construction industry is not an exception. This research identified causes and effects of project delay and disruption through a desktop study. Subsequently, a questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a survey to obtain the views of the three main construction project participants - clients, consultants, and contractors. The questionnaire contains 48 causes and 13 effects of project delay and disruption identified from the desktop study. This research identified sixteen most important causes of project delay and disruption and five most important effects of delay and disruption. Sixteen most important causes were: (1) strikes, (2) rework due to errors during construction, (3) shortage of materials in market, (4) suspension of work by the client, (5) poor communication between the parties, (6) ineffective planning and scheduling of project, (7) delays in issuing working drawings, (8) mistakes and discrepancies in design documents, (9) shortage of labours and equipment, (10) delay in decision making process by the client, (11) unforeseen ground conditions, (12) unclear and inadequate details in drawing, (13) inadequate contractor's experience, (14) delay in approving changes in the scope of works, (15) delay in material delivery and (16) unacceptable quality of materials. The five major effects include: (1) create stress on contractors, (2) cost overrun, (3) time overrun, (4) poor quality of work due to rush, and (5) disputes. Furthermore, the result of this research was compared with the result of previous studies conducted in other regions of Africa in terms of causes and effects of project delay and disruption. The research concludes that numerous causes and effects of delay and disruption are limited to South African construction projects based on the comparison. The causes limited to South African construction projects include: (1) strikes, (2) suspension of work by the client (3) mistakes and discrepancies in design documents (4) delay in approving changes in the scope of works and (5) unacceptable quality of materials, while the two major effects limited to South African construction projects includes: (1) create stress on contractors and (2) poor quality of work. In conclusion, some recommendations were made in order to minimise the causes of delay and disruption identified.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.485-492
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• 2018

This study would analyze visual components in the best seller cover design in 2017. The visual components were classified through a preliminary review with editorial design experts, and the top 20 best sellers at the Kyobo Book Centre, which recorded the top rank in sales in 2017 were selected as the subjects of the study. The subjects of the survey were 50 graduates from the design-related departments, who could judge the components, and the following results were drawn as an analysis. First, most layouts were a comparison type, and The Temperature of Language took the highest position at 45.5%. Second, in the typography, having a correlation with the section, most were composed of a Serif, and 'Sapiens' took the highest position at 92.5%. Third, the image is concerned with the illustration, in which The Miracles of the Namiya General Store took the highest position at 93.2%. These visual components of the cover design act as an important factor in choosing books for readers who first encounter the books. Thus, it would be necessary to continue to conduct studies of visual components in best sellers, and hopefully, this study would be helpful for the development of the publication market as it is utilized in the marketing field based on these studies.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.598-603
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• 2018

As basic research for optimal barley cultivars selection and technical development for quality maintenance, a total of 21 commercial malt products (for making 'Sikhye', a traditional Korean sweet drink) were collected from the Korean market. And then we analyzed the component of the barley malt products as well as conducted comparative analysis on enzyme activity and quality characteristics of the commercial barley malt products. Of the 21 barley malt products, 12 were made from 100 % barley. The result of analyzing general components of barley malts turned out different level of components; moisture 4.91~11.99%, lipid 1.71~2.48%, protein 7.80~11.97%, carbohydrate 73.64~82.24%, total starch 5.50~8.22%, reducing sugar 3.64~14.44%. As a result of measuring enzyme activity of barley malts, there was a wide range of activity difference by the product; diastatic power $36.80{\sim}94.30^{\circ}$, ${\alpha}$-amylase activity 18.17~186.50 unit/g, ${\beta}$-amylase activity 6.53~25.05 unit/g. The results of this study would be used as basic data for optimal cultivars selection to produce barley malts and technical development for quality maintenance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2004

The wienner sausage(natural casing, N), wienner sausage(collagen casing, C), frankfurter sausage(F) and can products[spam(S), luncheon meat(L), jangjorim(J)] were obtained from different Korean meat processing companies and investigated for their salinity, saccharinity, pH, moisture and fat content, meat color and sensory evaluation. In sausage products, the saccharinity percent ranged 4.9∼5.0 in N, 6.6∼8.0 in C, and 5.2∼6.5 in F. The salinity percent of C and F were slightly higher than that of N. The pH values of all sausage product were above 6.0. The L＊ values of N were ranged 49.8∼56.7, which were slightly lower than those of C and R The sausage with high content of crude fat and high L＊value earned the highest score in overall acceptability. In can products, saccharinity percentage was higher in J compared to the S and L. The salinity percentage of S was slightly higher than those of Land J. In meat color, L＊ and a＊ values were not different between S and L, although b＊ value of L was slightly higher than that of S and J. There were not significantly different among can products, however, the product containing low-salt had the highest score in overall acceptability.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

A two-wheel balancing vehicle, which helps people moving freely and fast, and is applied from inverted pendulum system, has been widely researched and developed, and some products are came into a market in actuality. Until now, the two-wheel balancing vehicles developed have chosen the general PID control method. In this paper, we propose a new control method to improve a control capacity for a two-wheeled balancing vehicle for human transportation. The proposed method is the fuzzy PD+I control that is one of the improved PID control, and it contains a 2input-1output fuzzy system. This fuzzy system processes signals from proportional and derivative controller, and the fuzzy output signal generates the final output by summing up integral signal. The non-linearity of the fuzzy system makes an optimal output control signal by changing weight of the proportional signal and the derivative signal in process of time. We have simulated the fuzzy PD+I control system and experimented by implementing the two-wheel balancing mobile robot to verify the advantages of the proposed fuzzy PD+I control method in comparison with general PID control. As the results of simulation and experimentation, the proposed fuzzy PD+I control method has better control performance than general PID in this system and improves it.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2019

Background: Monitoring and control of PM_2.5 are being recognized as key to address health issues attributed to PM_2.5. Availability of low-cost PM_2.5 sensors made it possible to introduce a number of portable PM_2.5 monitors based on light scattering to the consumer market at an affordable price. Accuracy of light scatteringe-based PM_2.5 monitors significantly depends on the method of calibration. Static calibration curve is used as the most popular calibration method for low-cost PM_2.5 sensors particularly because of ease of application. Drawback in this approach is, however, the lack of accuracy. Methods: This study discussed the calibration of a low-cost PM_2.5-monitoring device (PMD) to improve the accuracy and reliability for practical use. The proposed method is based on construction of the PM_2.5 sensor network using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at government-authorized PM monitoring station (GAMS) in the republic of Korea. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms such as support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were used as regression models to calibrate the PMD measurements of PM_2.5. Performance of each ML algorithm was evaluated using stratified K-fold cross-validation, and a linear regression model was used as a reference. Results: Based on the performance of ML algorithms used, regression of the output of the PMD to PM_2.5 concentrations data available from the GAMS through web query was effective. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm showed the best performance with a mean coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.78 and standard error of 5.0 ㎍/㎥, corresponding to 8% increase in R² and 12% decrease in root mean square error in comparison with the linear regression model. Minimum 100 hours of calibration period was found required to calibrate the PMD to its full capacity. Calibration method proposed poses a limitation on the location of the PMD being in the vicinity of the GAMS. As the number of the PMD participating in the sensor network increases, however, calibrated PMDs can be used as reference devices to nearby PMDs that require calibration, forming a calibration chain through MQTT protocol. Conclusions: Calibration of a low-cost PMD, which is based on construction of PM_2.5 sensor network using MQTT protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at a GAMS, significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of a PMD, thereby making practical use of the low-cost PMD possible.