• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.153-158
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• 2004

The numerous investments have been introduced to design and assess mixing zone characteristics of wastewater discharges to the ocean. Specially It strive to meet water quality standard for persistent and bio-accumulative chemical contaminants at the point of discharge through continual improvement pollution prevention measures and other voluntary measures in the developed country. The goals that of this paper are to emphasize the regulatory mixing zone is defined as an allocated impact zone where the numeric water quality criteria may be exceeded as long as acutely toxic conditions are prevent. Furthermore, mixing zones be limited to an area or volume as small as practicable that with not interfere with the designated uses or the established community of aquatic life in the segment for which the uses are designated and the shape be a simple configuration that is easy to locate in the body of water and avoids impingement on biologically important areas and the shore hugging plumes should be avoided This results should be used with caution in evaluation the mixing zone characteristics of a discharge and only in conjunction with information from the effective marine outfall design as well as for the sound harbour design. Thus the numerical investigation using CORMIX has been performed to show the regulatory mixing zone in the near and far field of the marine outfall.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2007

Nine surface sediments from Masan Bay and Gadeog Channel were taken for grain size and geochemical and foraminiferal analyses in August 2002. The sediments consist of mud with 7.29-8.54 $\phi$ in mean grain size. Average concentrations of Al, Fe and Mn are higher in Gadeog Channel than those in Masan Bay. On the other hand, average concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and V are higher in Masan Bay than those in the channel. The latter group of elements show the highest concentration at station M4, off the outfall of treated wastewater disposal. Eighty-one foraminiferal species are identified in total assemblages, including 21 species of living populations. The number of individuals, species number, species diversity and equitability in Masan Bay have lower values than those in Gadeog Channel. The foraminiferal fauna off the outfall is relatively poor. Compared to geochemical and foraminiferal data obtained in 1996, heavy metals are more enriched, and the characteristics of foraminifera are little changed. These features indicate that the pollution of Masan Bay has not been reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.20-30
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• 1999

To improve water quality particularly for sea bathers along the Fylde coastal zone near Blackpool, North West England, waste water from a sewage outfall is studied using a mathematical model. The explicit second order accurate central scheme and the third order accurate QUICKEST scheme are used to represent the diffusion terms and the advection terms of the advective-diffusion equation, respectively. Hydrodynamic model is run for a coarse and fine grid, of 1km and 200m, respectively, obtaining good agreement with measured data. Water quality model is then used to predict faecal coliform levels in the region for four different scenarios, including discharges from: - (i) Fleetwood outfall, (ii)River Ribble for summer condition, (iii)River Ribble for winter condition, and (iv)combined sewer overflows for the Blackpool and Fleetwood communities. Main findings from the simulations are:- (i) Fleetwood outfall has a negligible impact on the beaches with respect to pathogen levels; (ii) Discharge from River Ribble for both summer and winter conditions is predicted in the range of coliform levels 10 -500 counts/100ml along the beach at Lytham St. Annes; and (iii) The CSO effluent discharges are predicted not to advect out into offshore by stronger tidal currents.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.63-81
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the tide-induced flow patterns near the ocean outfall of the Jeju and Bomok Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP) in Jeju Island by using measurements of Acoustic Doppler Current Meter (ADCP) and a numerical experiment with inserting passive tracer into a regional ocean model. In late spring of 2018, the ADCP measurements showed that tidal currents dominate the flow patterns as compared to the non-tidal components in the outfall regions. According to harmonic analysis, the dominant type of tides is mixed of diurnal and semi-diurnal but predominantly semidiurnal, showing stronger oscillations in the Jeju WTP than those in the Bomok WTP. The tidal currents oscillate parallel to the isobath in both regions, but the rotating direction is different each other: an anti-clockwise direction in the Jeju WTP and a clockwise in the Bomok WTP. Of particular interest is the finding that the residual current mainly flows toward the coastline across the isobath, especially at the outfall of the Bomok WTP. Our model successfully captures the features of tidal currents observed near the outfall in both regions and indicates possibly high persistent pollutant accumulation along the coasts of Bomok.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.271-275
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• 2006

여수 하수처리장 하수처리 방류수가 배출구 인근해역에 미칠 수 있는 영향정도를 파악하기 위하여 해양수질 및 저질 환경을 조사하였다. 조사는 총 30개 지점에서 수질과 저질의 일반항목과 영양염류에 대하여 실시하였다. 조사시기는 2005년 9월 3일 (하계), 2005년 11월 20일(추계), 2006년 2월 13일 (동계), 2006년 5월 28일 (춘계) 에 4 계절에 걸쳐 밀물시와 썰물시에 현장 조사를 실시하였다. 배출수는 해양수질환경의 특성을 통해 추정한 결과 직접영향권은 0.5km, 간접 영향권은 반경 약 2km까지로 추정되었다. 저질의 결과를 보면 산 휘발성 황화물의 농도가 많은 해역에서 저질의 오염기준을 초과하는 동 오염된 저질의 특성을 보였으며, 산 휘발성 황화물과 화학적 산소요구량의 분포는 니질 퇴적상이 두드러지게 나타나는 배출구 동측과 돌산도 남동쪽, 돌산도 서측과 대경도 동측사이에 위치한 해역에서는 대체적으로 높은 값들을 보이고 있으며, 조립질 퇴적상이 주로 분포하고 있는 배출구와 국동항사이의 수로에서는 대체적으로 낮은 분포를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

As a large scale port development in coastal waters proceeds step by step and populations in the vicinity of port are getting increased, the issue on 'how to dispose the treated municipal water and wastewater in harbor' brings peoples' concern. The submarine outfall system discharges the primary or secondary treated effluent at the coastline or in deep water, or between these two. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the sea surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding sea water and becomes very dilute. We intended in this paper to investigate the impact on dilution of effluent and the behavior of flume under the conditions of the seasonal and spatial temperature variations, which have not been noticeable in designing effective marine outfall system. To predict and analyze the behaviour and dilution characteristics of plume not just with the effluent temperature, but also with the seasonal variation of temperature of surround water, CORMIX( Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System)-GI have been applied. The results should be used with caution in evaluation the mixing zone characteristics of discharged water. We hope to help for the effective operation of outfall system, probable outfall design, protection of water quality, and warm water discharges from a power plant, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.12-20
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• 2001

The temporal variability in near-field mixing characteristics of discharging plumes in oceanic environment was investigated using the time series data of the buoyant jet parameters. Based on the currents and density profiles observed in Masan outfall site and effluent discharge flowrates for 63days of summer season, the temporal variabilities and those occurrence frequency were obtained by line plume equations. The results show that wide range of variability in Masan outfall's mixing characteristics was found due to the temporal changes of effluent flowrates and ambient oceanic conditions. The near-field dilution was in the range of 30~71 with the averaged dilution of 34, which was a good agreement with field measurements of salinity deficit. The length of mixing zone was in the range of 5.4~36.2 m with the average of 9.5 m, and the plume rise height was in the range of 8.1~10.2 m with the average of 8.9 m. However, only the 30~44% of the whole results are higher than the averages, which indicates the necessity of this frequency analysis with the continuously measured data for designing and managing the ocean outfall system.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1998

Sediment samples from five stations at the Shihwa Lake sewage outfall, west cost of Korea, were collected to evaluate the effect of the outfall on benthic foraminifers. Heavy metal (Cu and Zn) polluted the eastern part of the Shihwa Lake, adjacent to the Shihwa-Banwol Industrial Complexes, shows barren or nearly barren of benthic foraminifers, and the lowest number of species both at the core top and downcore. Excepting for the barren zone, pyritized benthic foraminifers abundantly occur both at the surface and downcore sediments in the western part of the Shihwa Lake, suggesting that foraminiferal disease by anoxic bacteria. Recent intrusion of pollutants form the Shihwa-Banwol Industrial Complexes and adjacent six major streams severely polluted the Shihwa Lake as shown by the low abundance (number/10 g) of benthic foraminifers, low number of Ammonia beccarii, low species diversity, and absence of both Elphidium spp. and ostracodes at the surface sediments compared of both downcore. Except the barren zone, both pyritized and non-pyritized Ammonia beccarii occur dominantly in the surface sediments and downcore. Elphidium spp. (either pyritized or non-phyritized) do not occur in the surface sediments of whole stations. However, they occur from the entire downcore sediments except in the eastern part of Shihwa Lake. Arenaceous foraminifers do not inhabit in the heavily polluted areas as evidenced by the occurrence of relatively deep core depth (11-15 cm). Ostracodes occur at the downcore sediments, but they do not occur at the surface sediments. Ostracodes also do not occur at the heavily polluted areas in the eastern part of the Shihwa Lake both at the surface and downcore sediments, indicating that the abundance of ostracodes also can be used for a pollution indicator.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 2010

Fecal sterols, nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface water from Masan Bay and its adjacent rivers in February 2005. Concentrations of coporstanol (Cop), an indicator of fecal pollution, in surface water ranged from <10 to 13,853 ng/L, and concentrations of nonylphenol, the most toxic of the NPs, ranged from 10.2 to 481 ng/L, and concentrations of PAHs ranged from 8.61 to 223 ng/L. The concentrations of the compounds measured in this study were lower than or comparable to those at other locations in Korea and other countries. The contamination of Cop and PAHs in surface water was associated with the discharge from rivers passing through cities and/or industrial complexes. The NP contamination was associated with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents through outfalls as well as riverine discharge. Compared to ecotoxicological values, the concentrations of NPs from rivers, the mouths of rivers, and WWTP outfall areas exceeded guidelines, suggesting that hot spot areas may pose a potential risk to sensitive species.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.35-37
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• 2005

Sediment samples from five stations at the Shihwa Lake sewage outfall, west coast of Korea, were collected to evaluate the effect of the outfall on benthic foraminifera. Heavy metal (Cu and Zn) polluted eastern part of the Shihwa Lake, adjacent to the Shihwa-Banwol Industrial Complexes, shows barren or nearly barren of benthic foraminifera, and the lowest number of species both at the core top and downcore. Excepting for the barren zone, pyritized benthic foraminifera abundantly occur both at the surface and downcore sediments in the western part of the Shihwa Lake, suggesting that foraminiferal disease by anoxic bacteria. Recent intrusion of pollutants from the Shihwa-Banwol Industrial Complexes and adjacent six major streams severely polluted the Shihwa Lake as shown by the low abundance (number/10 g) of benthic foraminifera, low number of A. beccarii, low species diversity, and absence of both Elphidium spp. and ostracodes at the surface sediments compared to the downcore. Except the barren zone, both pyritized and non-pyritized Ammonia beccarii occur dominantly in the surface sediments and downcore. Elphidium spp. (either pyritized or non-pyritized) do not occur in the surface sediments of whole stations. However, they occur from the entire downcore sediments except in the eastern part of Shihwa Lake. Arenaceous foraminifera do not inhabit in the heavily polluted areas as evidenced by the occurrence of relatively deep core depth (11-50 cm). Ostracodes occur at the downcore sediments, but they do not occur at the surface sediments. Ostracodes also do not occur at the heavily polluted areas in the eastern part of the Shihwa Lake both at the surface and downcore sediments, indicating that the abundance of ostracodes also can be used for a pollution indicator.