• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 2014

To determine the optimal storage method and longest possible storage period of Zostera marina seeds, we examined post-storage germination rates using different storage methods and periods for Z. marina seeds harvested in southern coast of Korea. Storage methods included in seawater at room temperature with air supply, seawater at $4^{\circ}C$, seawater at $30^{\circ}C$, an aquarium with continuous seawater circulation, seawater at room temperature in an airtight tank, a refrigerator at $-20^{\circ}C$, and a desiccator at room temperature. Germination rates of Z. marina seeds stored in seawater at $4^{\circ}C$ showed highest germination (52.0%), whereas those of seeds stored in seawater at room temperature and an aquarium were 27.4% and 17.7%, respectively. But the seeds stored in seawater at $30^{\circ}C$, a refrigerator, and a desiccator did not germinate. Storage periods were 10, 20, 30, 60, 180 and 240 days of storage. Z. marina seeds maintained germination rates of 46.4~52.4% until 10~60 days of storage, but showed rapidly decreasing germination rates after then and no germination after 240 days.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2004

In order to develop new anti-photoaging agents from marine natural products, Zostera marina L. was selected for its antioxidative activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression. Three compounds (compounds 1, 2, and 3) were isolated from the extract, and they were identified as apigenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and luteolin (3). These compounds have SC$\_$50/ values of 0.18 mM, 0.68 mM, and 0.01 mM against l,l-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 0.04mM, 0.03mM, and 0.01mM against the superoxide radical in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Compound 3 suppressed the expression of MMP-1 by up to 44% at 35.0${\mu}$M and inhibited the production of interleukin 6, which is known as a cytokine that induces MMP-1 expression. In addition, the wrinkle improvement effect of the formulation with Z. marina extract was measured. As a result, remarkable reduction was found in the fine wrinkle and skin roughness after application of the cream with 3.0% this extract for 8 weeks. In conclusion, the isolated compounds from Z. marina extract were good antioxidant and suppressor of MMP-1 expression and the formulation with the extract diminished the skin wrinkle. Therefore, the extract can be used as a new anti-aging agent for application in cosmetic.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2004

Production dynamics of eelgrass, Zostera marina was examined in Jindong Bay on the south of the Korea peninsula. Eelgrass leaf productivities and environmental factors such as underwater photon flux density, water temperature, and nutrient availabilities in the water column and sediments were monitored from March 2002 to December 2003. While water temperature exhibited a distinct seasonal trend, underwater irradiance and nutrient availabilities exhibited high degree of fluctuation, and did not show a seasonal trend throughout the experimental periods. Eelgrass leaf elongation and production rates showed significant seasonal variations. Leaf productivity was highest in May (30.0 mg dry wt sht$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ or 3.7g dry wt m$^{-2}$d$^{-1}$) and lowest in November (3.2 mg dry wt sht$^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$ or 0.12 g dry wt m $^{-2}$ d$^{-1}$). Eelgrass leaf productivities did not show a strong correlation with underwater irradiance or environmental nutrient availabilities. The production rates, however, were positively correlated with water temperature during spring periods, and were correlated negatively at high water temperature exceeded 20℃ during summer months. While relative growth rates were highest in spring and lowest in high water temperature periods, plastochrone interval was longest during summer and shortest during spring. These results imply that seasonal growth dynamics of eelgrass, Z. marina was mainly controlled by water temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.235-245
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to identify the significant factors for deciding yacht marina harbor location, and to use them for policy decision of a yacht marina project of local government. For this purpose, 2 top factors, 11 sub-factors and 50 specific factors were determined through a theoretical review and specialist interviews. This was followed by a questionnaire survey given to residents of Jeju and yacht tourists within the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province only. The results showed that marine safety is significant and the development must be made for local economic growth and by the participation of local residents.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.213-229
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• 2009

A monographic reassessment of Padina Adanson species from the Gulf of California was developed based on an exhaustive review of the character and characters states that have been used to delimit species in recent and historically valuable collections. Eight names (P. caulescens Thivy in Taylor, P. concrescens Thivy in Taylor, P. crispata Thivy in Taylor, P. durvillaei Bory Saint-Vincent, P. gymnospora [Kutzing] Sonder, P. mexicana Dawson, P. tetrastromatica Hauck and P. vickersiae Hoyt in Howe) were reported from the region. An analysis of 1,200 specimens led to the conclusion that only three species (P. durvillaei, P. concrescens and P. mexicana) can be recognized for the area based on four discriminating characters: presence of calcium carbonate in the cell wall; number of medullary cell layers in the basal area; number of medullary cell layers in the middle part and presence/absence of cortical cells. Comparative analysis of the species in the Gulf of California in relation to other recently evaluated species has shown a clear distinction among them suggesting Padina species were overestimated in our area.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2008

Populations of Codium amplivesiculatum were found in association with rhodolith beds. We present population trends of C. amplivesiculatum from surveys conducted in the southwestern Gulf of California based on monthly sampling from June 1999 to August 2000. Surveys were conducted at 2 sites in the San Lorenzo Channel at depths of 8 - 12 m. The parameters measured were percent cover, biomass and structure in relation to size of the thalli. From each thallus the following measurements were taken: length and diameter, proportion of each thallus with reproductive structures and the degree of fragmentation (measured as number of small thalli). Mean biomass and cover varied seasonally with the maximum (1036.6 gm$^{-2}$ and 100% cover) present in June 2000 and the minimum in winter (0 gm$^{-2}$ and 0% cover). The longest fronds (3 m) occurred during July 1999 and August 2000, while the maximum diameters of 1.0 cm were present during October and November 1999. There were no significant linear relationships between length and diameter of the fronds, suggesting independent growth. Reproductive structures were common in June and July 1999 with monoic and dioic thalli present. Most fronds were monoic, and this is the first record of this feature for this species. Fragmentation occurred in September, and may be associated with stress from early gametangial reproduction and the combination of high temperatures and low nutrients. A hypothetical life cycle for the species is presented.

• ALGAE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.327-331
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• 2011

An analysis of the vegetative and reproductive anatomy of Sargassum lapazeanum was performed based on extensive sampling in three areas within its geographical range: a) San Juan de la Costa, b) Punta Calera, c) Punta Machos. Material was collected from low intertidal to subtidal populations and evaluated based on variations present within and between populations. Our goal was to comprehensively analyze the features of the vegetative and reproductive anatomy of this species. Our observations showed that this species has cauline, which is anatomically composed of three tissues layers. This species is dioic, with male and female conceptacles in the same receptacle but with different maturation times. The present study confirmed the presence of cauline in this species; this structure was previously described for some species in the Gulf of California, such as Sargassum horridum, and for several species in Japan. This structure could be responsible for the growth of primary branches and may also generate a new plant. This trend might explain the perennial nature of this species at the population level. Field and laboratory experiments could help to delimit the ecophysiological conditions under which this structure starts to develop.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.673-681
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• 2014

Due to the increased demand for safety and security requirements on the port infrastructure, the harbor tranquility is one of the important parameter in the mooring basin of harbor. It relates keenly to berthing/unberthing and cargo handling works but also it is an important indicator to get the minimum water area as the safe refuge. Hupo harbor is a national coastal harbor located in east coast of Korea and a development plan for a new marina near the entrance is being carried out including berth layouts, breakwater extensions, 300m marina berths, dredging and land reclamation works. The new plan will impact on calmness of the existing port. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in complex the variation of wave height and direction caused by wave refraction, diffraction, shoaling and reflection from the incident waves from outside the harbor. In order to check the calmness inside a harbor, the numerical models are being used currently need fundamental reviews according to the difference of results which depend on their respective features. In this study, hence, it was introduced the validity of numerical models by comparing the computational results with the hydraulic model experiment. The current investigations contribute to the existing development recommendations and provide further solutions for port planning.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

The brown algae padina concrescens is widely distributed in the northwestern Pacific Mexico. We described the population of P. concrescens based on population parameters such as cover, density and size structure and reproduc-tion at two levels tide at the intertidal area in the southwestern Baja. California Peninsula. Monthly visits from January to December 2003 were done. Both cover and density were measured in situ by quadrants method. Samples were collected to obtain size structure and percentage of reproductive fronds. Our results show there is sparial vari-ation in the population structure more than temporal. Thus, cover and density peak were at different months ineach tide level studied, the lower tide level shows the high values in cover as well as density. The frond develop-ment was observed in height/width ratio this relation was consistent only in the low tidal zone. Size class distribu-tion has consistently small size plants in both tide levels.Reproduction was seasonal in the tide channel but in both tide levels all the reproductive plants were tetrasporophyte. Our results suggest that this population is pseudopere-nial and it strongly as a consequence of the intense competition in the intertidal zone.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2007

Haedae(海帶, haidai) is representative herb from seaweeds, but its origin is still confusing. Thus we analyzed its origin on the basis of classics of oriental medicine. The scientific name of Haedae corresponds to Zostera marina, according to the folkloric use. But, it is Laminaria japonica, according to its habitat, morphological feature, and the korean name on the medical books in Joseon since 17c. In the remote past, it seemed that two groups were segragated by the name of Zostera marina Haedae and Laminaria japonica Haedae. However, it is thought that this two trends were mixed up when medical knowledge was compiled in Song Dynasty era. Documental support inclined to Laminaria japonica, but it is too early to conclude that Laminaria japonica is the Haedae. To prove this hypothesis, further study is required to investige whether Laminaria japonica or Zostera marina has mentioned efficacies of Haedae used for the treatment of wen, San syndromes, edema, scrofula, etc. And we have need of research that solve the origin problem of Gonpo(Laminariae thallus) on the assumption that Laminaria japonica is Haedae.