• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.46-52
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• 2002

Manure compost biofilter for reducing ammonia emissions at the active stage of a semi air tight and agitated bed composting of hog manure amended with sawdust were evaluated in the practical composting plant(75 m 5 m $\times$1.4 m deep). During 55 days of composting and biofiltration process, the manure compost biofilter had a ammonia reduction of 91 to 98%. Results showed that the active stage of composting maintained temperatures between 40 and 7$0^{\circ}C$ and fluctuated greatly the ammonia concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm. Ammonia concentrations in manure compost biofiltration reached within a moderate range (2-18 ppm).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

This study was conducted to select organic materials (OM) and nitrogen sources in composting of waste mushroom bed from Agaricus bisporus. We examined physio-chemical properties of the organic materials and the mixture ratio for preparing the wasted mushroom bed (M) compost. The carbon content of sawdust was higher than those of rice straw (R) as OM source and the nitrogen content was high in the order of fowl manure (F)>> pig manure (P)> cow manure (C). The compost was prepared to maintain the criteria of above 25% organic matter and then the change of their ingredients was estimated during the process of fermentation. The temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+rice straw (MRP) treatment was varied fast throughout fermentation, on the other hand the temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+sawdust (MSP) treatment was steadily elevated to the middle of composting. The pH of the compost was somewhat high to pH 8.5~9.0 at the early stage, but decreased to 7.5 at the end stage of composting. The content of OM after fermentation was decreased to the level of 19~21% in rice straw, but the sawdust treatment maintained 25~27% organic matter. The waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+rice straw (MRF) treatment, which contains 26.2% organic matter and 0.68% nitrogen, was the highest among them. The volume of compost was reduced to 50% by using rice straw as organic matter, but reduced to 30% by using the sawdust. The contents of heavy metal in the compost were suitable within the legal criteria. The number of microorganisms were higher in the rice straw than those in the sawdust. It was high in the order of fowl manure> pig manure> cow manure. The major groups consisted of aerobic bacteria, gram negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. and their populations after fermentation were increased to $1{\times}10^1{\sim}1{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ rather than those before fermentation. Therefore we concluded that the waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+sawdust (MSF 3:9:1 v/v/v) treatment was suitable combination for high organic matter and nitrogen source, and the periods of composting were 50~60 days.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical changes during the aerobic composting of swine manure mixed with bulking agent, sawdust(v/v, 1:1), in a full-scale composting plant using rectangular escalator-aginated bed composting system. Physical and chemical properties were analyzed on the samples which were collected at 5, 15, and 25 day of composting, curing and final step. The results of this study were summarized as follows; 1. Moisture and K2O content, and pH of final step were higher than those of 5th day of composting (p＜0.05). 2. Ammonium nitrogen, total organic corbon and organic matter content, and electrical conductivity(EC) were significantly decreased (p＜0.05) but nitrate nitrogen, ash and P2O5 content increased(p＜0.05) throughout the aerobic composting process. 3. Total organic carbon per total nitrogen(C/N) and total organic matter per total nitrogen(OM/N) ratio were significantly decreased throughout the aerobic composting process(p＜0.05). 4. Physical and chemical properties of swine manure were varied by aerobic fermentation using rectangular escalor-aginated bed composting system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1994

A practical study on a drying and fermentation system equipped with a stirring machine operated mechanically, of pig manure was conducted to prove the efficiency of and practicability to an ordinary pig farm. The type of the drying bed was a round-shaped (r=3m) concrete structure and the stirring machine was adopted to stir and transfer dried pig manure to the fermentation tank. The dried pig manure was put into a fermentation tank ($V=18m^3$), which was aerated from pipe lines installed at the bottom. While water content of pig manure passing through a drying bed was remarkably reduced than before drying, the drying efficiency of this system decreased in winter. However, the temperature of pig manure piled up in the fermentation room in winter reached over $60^{\circ}C$ and excess water of pig manure was removed during the fermentation process. The reduction rate of water content of pig manure, to which dried pig manure was added as bulking material on the drying bed, was 52.1%, but when dried without bulking material it was only 19.7%. Although the content of $P_2O_5$ of dried pig manure was slightly higher than that of fresh pig manure, progressive changes in chemical composition between fresh and dried pig manure made no great difference. Among the contents of minerals of fresh and dried pig manure, CaO was the highest and the rest were in the decreasing order of $K_2O$, MgO, and $Na_2O$. Population density of E. coli and Streptococci of dried pig manure was reduced by 142 and 236 times that of fresh pig manure, respectively. The installation cost of this drying and fermentation system was 4,185,630 won (approximately 5,232 US $) and operating cost per year was 190,000 won (237.5US $) on the basis of self-labor condition.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

This study was conducted to solve the problem of public grievance owing to odor of a pig farm. Odor emissions from pig production systems mainly originate from liquid manure storage and solid manure fermentation. The low-cost odor abatement system (OAS) for application at liquid manure storage tank and solid manure fermentation facilities was developed in this study. The OAS adapted odor removing principles of a biofilter and biotrickling filter. The OAS is very simplified in structure. The appearance of the OAS had a form of cylindrical or cubical shape. The system performance was monitored for about one year after stabilization. A 7 seconds empty bed contact time for the OAS was adapted to achieve the odor reduction levels. The commercial type of OAS was constructed with media comprised of wood chips. Moisture content always remained above 50% wet basis. Average ammonia removal efficiency for the developed design was 89% at the liquid manure storage tank. Also, the removal efficiency at a solid manure fermentation facility was 86% on ammonia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 1999

Even though the development of livestock industry in Asia and Australasia has brought the economic growth and thus elevated the living standard in these areas, it has also brought the pollution caused by the increasing amount of animal wastes. Among them, Japan probably is the first country that suffered from the animal waste pollution as early as in 1970s. Nowadays, the animal waste pollution has been a common problem for almost every countries in this region. To solve it, different measures and regulations have been implemented in many countries. In this paper, different methods for animal waste disposal are discussed, including: manure-bed animal housing, composting, anaerobic treatment, odor control, utilization of biogas, aerobic treatment, three-step process, N and P removal, land application, cultivation of algae, anaerobic treatment of dead animals. It is hoped that an animal industry without pollution can be achieved in the future.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

This study was conducted to establish a database of high solid manure(HSM) in domestic. Theoretical methane potential and HSM characteristics was evaluated using breef and dairy manure (n=156). Total solids and Volatile solids of HSM increased depending on time flow, the results showed $20.4{\pm}3.2$ and $17.4{\pm}2.8%$. respectively. C/N ratio of breef HSM was higher than dairy HSM C/N ratio. In theoretical methane potential, the result of breef and dairy HSM was showed $505.2{\pm}25.3$ and $493.5{\pm}20.2$, respectively. Nitrogen content of total HSM increased depending on time flow, the result of breef and dairy nitrogen content was showed $1.9{\pm}0.3$ and $2.8{\pm}0.2$, respectively. Carbon content of total HSM showed approximately 10% reduction. The optimal time of bed replacement was indicated between 29 amd 31 days based on the optimal C/N ratio. Therefore, this study was considered that it has high utilization for livestock manure recycling and basis of relevant research.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

This study was aimed at investigating a filtration bed system for the production of liquid fertilizer using wastewater generated after anaerobic digestion of animal manure. Slurry, Compost, & Biofiltration-Methane System, designed by Korean National Institute of Animal Science, is now a standard method to recycle anaerobic digestion wastewater. However, currently provided protocol to run the system needs continuous upgrades as the system is relatively new and can be more cost-effective if few adjustments are made. In this study, we tried to enhance the capability of the system to process anaerobic digestion wastewater by replacing the bed materials with the cheaper one, and determining the time point of operation from which filtrates can be utilized for fertilization.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The characteristics of methane production from pig manure slurry was investigated using anaerobic digestor combined with compost filtration bed. In this study, raw pig manure slurry was digested in mesophilic rectangular digester (effective volume $250m^3$) for 25 days and anaerobic digestion wastewater was filtered through compost filtration bed, which is composed of double layer, sawdust and chaff. The characteristics of anaerobic digestion wastewater were BOD 1,800 mg/L, COD 3,500 mg/L, SS 11,800 mg/L, T-N 1,200 mg/L and T-P 350 mg/L. After the filtration process, the contents of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P of the anaerobic digestion wastewater were reduced by 97%, 62%, 89%, 39% and 57%, respectively. The concentrations of N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ of the leachate were 1,024, 111 and 407 mg/L, respectively. However, there was no odor emitted from the leachate.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.488-492
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• 2007

The influence of additive materials including saw dust and cow manure in the ripening of leather sludge for the efficient vermisabilization was studied. The ripening characteristics of the leather sludge, the growth of earthworms in the growth bed and the by-products like cast were observed according to the mixing ratio of additive materials. When the mixed leather sludge of which the additive materials contents were over 20% were ripened for 50 days, the values of ORP and alkalinity were changed to the favorable ranges for earthworms, the positive (+) and below 1,000 mg/l as $CaCO_3$, respectively. The velocity of ripening improving the characteristics of the leather sludge was faster in the sludge mixed with cow manure than saw dust. This results could also be verified from the monitoring of the states of earthworm growth using the survival rate, the increase rate of lifeweight and the hatching rate of earthworm cocoon in the their growth bed packed with the ripened sludge. The values of CEC in cast, the vermi-stabilized sludge, were increased with the mixing ratio of additive materials, but the content of heavy metals was drcreased by the dilution effect and accumulation in the earthworm body. Above results show that the leather sludge might be efficiently stabilized by earthworms through the ripening for 50 days using additive materials. Cow manure can be used as a good additive materials for leather sludge as much as saw dust, and the optimum content of additive materials in the well-ripened leather sludge was about 30%.