• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.85-94
• /
• 2006

The effects of turning frequency of in-vessel composting on ammonia emissions during composting of separated solids from swine slurry/sawdust mixtures and performance of biofiltration using the chicken manure compost were investigated. Separated solids from swine manure amended with sawdust was composted in a 226 L laboratory-scale in-vessel reactors under various turning frequency and continuous airflow (0.6 L/min.kg.dm) for three weeks. Three laboratory-scale manure compost biofilters were built to treat effluent gas from the composting of separated solid from swine manure amened with sawdust process. These experiments were continued over a period of three weeks. The composting of separated solid swine manure amended with sawdust and manure compost biofiltration system were evaluated to determine the turning frequency type that would be adequate for the rate of decomposition and compost odour reduction. The compost odour cleaning was measured based on ammonia gas concentration before and after passing through the manure compost biofilter. The average ammonia odor reduction in the manure compost biofilter was 96.9 % at R1 (no turning), 99.4 % at R2(once a day turning) and 89.0 % at R3(twice a day turning), respectively. The efficiency of ammonia reduction was mainly influenced by the turning frequency.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제44권7호
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 2002

Manure compost biofilter for reducing ammonia emissions at the active stage of a semi air tight and agitated bed composting of hog manure amended with sawdust were evaluated in the practical composting plant(75 m 5 m $\times$1.4 m deep). During 55 days of composting and biofiltration process, the manure compost biofilter had a ammonia reduction of 91 to 98%. Results showed that the active stage of composting maintained temperatures between 40 and 7$0^{\circ}C$ and fluctuated greatly the ammonia concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm. Ammonia concentrations in manure compost biofiltration reached within a moderate range (2-18 ppm).

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2000

Odor control for livestock and compost facilities has focused on manure handling and treatment during storage and land application, however, large amount of malodorous air is emitted and it is one of main sources of malodour in livestock farming. Biological treatment or biodegradation involves converting an organic contaminant to carbon dioxide and water using natural bacteria. Biofiltration is an effective air pollution control technology that uses microorganisms to breakdown gaseous contaminants and produce innocuous end products. Investment and operating costs on the biofiltration are lower than for thermal and chemical oxidation processes. This paper is intended to provide an overview of basic design and operating criteria for biofilters to control odors from livestock and compost facilities.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제43권6호
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2001

Hog manure amended with sawdust (moisture 56~60% wet basis, C/N 19-21) was composted in pilot-scale vessels using continuous aeration(CA) and intermittent aeration(IA) for 3 and 4 weeks. In two subsequent runs of the same duration, composts resulting from each of the first runs were used as a biofilter on the exhaust gas from newly composting material. Conditions between each of these paired sets appeared to be similar. Ammonia was released from the biofilter material during the first week of stabilization while the compost produced ammonia after the first week of composting. In both cases substantial absorption, 61~96 %, of ammonia production from the composting raw material was achieved in the stabilizing material during the final weeks of operation and indicates the use of the stabilizing hog manure/sawdust compost as a biofilter can reduce ammonia emissions. Total $NH_3-N$ emissions during run 2 in IA was less than 2/3 of those in CA. Dry solids loss for the stabilized compost (6~8 weeks) was 19~46%.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.219-232
• /
• 2007

Odors from manures are a major problem for livestock production. The most significant odorous compounds in animal manure a.e volatile fatty acids(VFAs). This work reviews the VFAs from the anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor(ASBBR), anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR), solid compost batch reactor(SCBR), and aerobic sequencing batch reactor(SBR) associated with the animal manure biological treatment. First, we describe and quantify VFAs from animal manure biological treatment and discuss biofiltration for odor control. Then we review certain fundamentals aspects about Anaerobic and aerobic SBR, composting of animal manure, manure compost biofilter for odorous VFAs control, SBR for nitrogen removal, and ASBR for animal wastewater treatment systems considered important for the resource recovery and air quality. Finally, we present an overview for the future needs and current experience of the biological systems engineering for animal manure management and odor control.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2006

The effects of turning frequency were examined on the efficiency of composting lime treated excess sludge amended with sawdust from the activated sludge process after a liquid/solids separation process. The raw and excess sludge from the activated sludge process associated with the hog wastewater treatment system is a significant problem and composting is an effective method far reducing the pollution potential of hog wastewater sludge. The coagulant used sludge composting and ammonia emissions from composting are not well established. The effect of compost properties such as high total carbon, C/N ratio and pH value on performance of composting sludge and biofiltration of ammonia from composting process were investigated. The ammonia emission was not significantly increased during composting. The ammonia concentrations of the exhaust air of composter were ranged from 0.5 and 7 ppm about 12 days after composting. The performance of the hog wastewater sludge composting was the most sensitive to chemical treated sludge properties such as high total carbon and high C/N ratio of the initial compost mixes. Temperature in compost and ammonia emission were not greatly affected by the turning frequency.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농업기계학회 2001년도 하계 학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.281-286
• /
• 2001

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2002

Odor generated during composting of livestock manure is mainly due to ammonia emission. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to analyze the efficiency of using fresh compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and recycled compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the fresh compost. Residence time was controlled by the flow rate of exhaust gas and the depth of filtering materials. At the aeration rate of 30 L/min(experiment I), ammonia reduction rate varied from 100% to -15% for biofilter A(residence time 56.5 s) and almost 100% for biofilter B(residence time 113 s). At the aeration rate of 30 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 80.5% for biofilter A and 99.9% for biofilter B. At the aeration rate of 50 L/min(experiment II), the lowest reduction rate showed a negative value of -350% on the 8th and 9th day for biofilter A(residence time 33.9 5), and 50% on the loth day for biofilter B(residence time 67.8s). At the aeration rate of 50 L/min, the cumulative ammonia reduction rate was 82.5% fur biofilter A and 97.4% for biofilter B. Filtering efficiency was influenced by residence time. The moisture content(MC) and total nitrogen(T-N) of the filtering material were increased by absorbing moisture and ammonia included in the exhaust gas, while pH was decreased and total carbon(T-C) remained unchanged during the filtering operation.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 2001년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
• /
• pp.431-434
• /
• 2001

This study was carried oui to investigate tile filtering performance of using fresh compost as a biofilter. Three biofilter vessels were made using fresh compost as a biofilter media. A mixtures of dairy manure, soy sludge, rice hulls and sawdust were composted in a pilot scale reactor of 605L to generate tile ammonia emission. The ammonia emission from the compost reactor was passed through three biofilters and collected in the boric acid trap to measure the ammonia emission. Filtering performance was influenced by the depth of biofilter media. Efficient filtering effect was acquired for the depth above 40 cm.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2007

퇴비화 목적은 축분을 오물감과 악취 없이 살균처리 하고, 토양과 작물에 무해한 유기성 자원의 순환이용이다. 퇴비화 호기성 미생물의 이분해성 유기물 (영양원: 탄질비)분해 적정조건은 수분, 공기, 온도, 퇴비화 기간 등이며, 퇴비화 부숙 목적은 이분해성 유기물분해 및 생육저해 물질분해 등에 있다. 부숙도 판정법은 퇴적물의 온도변화(이분해성유기물분해 검사) 및 발아시험(생육저해물질 검사)등이 바람직하다. 본 연구는 퇴비화 온도, 퇴비화 암모니아가스 농도와 악취물질의 탈취처리, 종자 발아율, 퇴비재료 성분 및 EC 농도 등의 퇴비화 부숙도 주요 요인에 대한 3회 반복 실험성과는 다음과 같다. 본 연구결과로서 퇴비화 주발효 및 후숙 6주간 전반기에서 이분해성 유기물 분해와 취기물질 제거에 관련된 퇴비화 온도, 암모니아 농도, 탄질비 및 염류농도, 후반기 후숙 기간에 작물생육저해물질 제거에 연관된 발아율과 탄산가스 발생량 등을 실측조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같으며, 안정된 숙성 퇴비의 적정 범위를 유지하여 양질 퇴비 생산이 가능하였다. 1. 축사저류조의 돼지배설물의 고액분리 고형분과 착즙액 정화처리 잉여오니 및 톱밥혼합물의 퇴비화 온도가 $55\sim65^{\circ}C$를 2일 이상 유지하여 병원균과 잡초 종자를 사멸하고, 악취가 미미한 44ppm 이하수준의 비교적 낮은 암모니아농도 및 50% 내외의 저수분의 양질 퇴비 생산이 가능하였다. 2. 퇴비화 실험결과는 퇴비화 온도가 $55\sim65^{\circ}C$로서 1주간 이상, 퇴비재료 수분 50%, 종자 발아율 70% 이상 및 EC농도 5ds/m 이하 등의 수준을 유지하고 있어 완숙퇴비 조건을 구비하고 있었다.상관관계가 비교적 높았으나, 음수량과 분 배설량$(R^2=0.2950)$, 사료 섭취량과 뇨 배설량$(R^2=0.1985)$, 산유량과 뇨 배설량$(R^2=0.2335)$의 상관관계는 낮게 나타났다. 6. 따라서 산유량과 음수량, 산유량과 사료 섭취량의 상관관계식은 $Y=0.1919X_1+11.181(R^2=0.7742),\;Y=0.8568X_2+9.3067(R^2=0.7459)$(Y=milk yield $X_1=water$ consumption, $X_2=feed$ intake)로 추정할 수 있다.. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로서 통일(統一)벼가 일반품종(一般品種)에 비(比)하여 저장성(貯藏性)이 우수(優秀)함을 인정(認定)할수 있어 장기저장(長期貯藏)을 위(爲)한 미곡(米穀)으로 활용(活用)할 수 있는 가능성(可能性)을 암시(暗示)하고 있다.록 Lact. plantarum ATCC 8014, Lact. fermenti ATCC 9338균주(菌株)의 산생성(酸生成)을 촉진(促進)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다.V또는 ara-A의 동시첨가는 GCV또는 ara-A를 단독으로 첨가했을 경우보다 단백질의 합성을 더욱 억제하였다. 이상의 실험결과로 보아 GCV와 ara-A의 동시사용은 HSV-1 혹은 ACV저항 DNA polymerase변이주인 $PAA^r5$에 대해서 상승적인 억제작용을 나타냈으며 이 효과는 virus DNA 합성 억제에 의한 것으로 생각된다. ACV저항 thymidine kinase 변이주인 $ACV^r$ 및 $IUdR^r$에