• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.722-727
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• 1996

A simple compost windrow-forming car and a compost tuner were developed at the aim of low cost manure management systems. The developed compost windrow- forming car is possible windrows formation at a short time. In order to be pulverized and mixed by upper and lower beaters at the windrow-forming, the condition of air and the mixing of materials to play a major role in composting is filled. This car can also utilized for a manure spreader by folding the windrow-forming cover. The developed compost turner is a type equipped with tractor rear-right side. Main specifications are 2.5m working width, overall length 3.3m and 45degrees conveyer inclination angle, 2 beaters for mixing and pulverization are equipped in front parts. Windrows of 2.5m width and 1.5m height are turned at the speed of 4.5-5.1m/min. In accordance with the above, by combining the compost windrow-forming car and the compost turner, a simple composting system for each farmer could be constructed by the low c st.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1997

The change of industrial structure has brought the sharp declination of mine products, and has made many mines closed, which results in environmental pollution by untreated acid mine drainage(AMD). AMD with low pH and high concentration of heavy metals could severely destroy the ecosystem. Many researches have been carried out for the treatment of AMD. In this study, we have treated AMD with oak compost, mushroom compost, sludge cake and cow manure which usually used in AMD treatment systems, and compared the capability of each organic matter. Cow manure and oak compost have been most effective among 4 organic materials. Oak compost removed the heavy metals by ion exchange between Ca-rich particles and soluble heavy metal ions. It also captured the heavy metals using bound functional groups like -OH and -COO-. Sulfate reducing bacteria existing in the cow manure removed effectively heavy metals by producing metal sulfide compound. Therefore, it is effective to use both organic materials in mixture on the treatment of AMD.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2009

Ammonia in atmosphere has a negative effect on the natural ecosystems, such as soil acidification and eutrophication, by wet and dry deposition. Livestock manure, compost, and fertilizer applications to arable land have been recognised as a major source of atmospheric ammonia emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of compost application techniques in reducing ammonia loss in upland soil. The reductions in ammonia emission were 70 and 15% for immediate rotary after application (IRA) and rotary at 3 day after application (RA-3d) in comparison with surface application (SA). Total ammonia emissions for 13 days, expressed as % ammonia-N applied with compost, were 42, 35.7, and 12.7% for SA, RA-3d, and IRA treatments, respectively. The ammonia emission rate fell rapidly 6 h after application and 61 % of total ammonia emission occurred within the first 24 h following surface application. The lime application along with compost significantly enhanced the total ammonia emission. Total ammonia emission for 22 days were 40.1, 31.4, and 27.7 kg/ha for immediate incorporation in soil after lime and compost application, lime incorporation in soil following 3 days after compost surface application, and compost incorporation in soil following 3 days after lime surface application, respectively. Therefore, lime and livestock manure compost application at the same time was not recommended for abatement of ammonia emission in upland soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.131-139
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• 1996

To quantitatively investigate the effects of manure compost on the soil and water environment including ground water the elution patterns of anions and hydraulic conductivity wore estimated with four different depth(15, 30, 45 60cm) and four variable ratio of compost treatment(0, 2, 4, 6%) through soil column test. 1. There were over 95% of elution of chloride and nitrate within 0.1 pore volume(PV), and sulfate within 0.2 PV. With 2 ton/10a of cow manure compost treatment recommended total 40 kg/10a of anions added was recovered as effluent at the amount of 17kg chloride, 5.4kg nitrate, and 13.2kg sulfate, respectively However, phosphate rarely recovered in the effluent due to the strong affinity for sorption sites in soils. 2. In multi-layered soil column the maximum peaks of each anion eluted were retardated with increasing soil depth and the amount of organic matter(OM) treatment. 3. With increasing OM up to 2% the saturated hydraulic conductivity(SHC) was greatly decreased, but the slight decrease in SHC was found by addition of OM greater than 4％. In multi-layered soil column SHC was more effected by the lower SHV layer than by that of the higher.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 2004

Composting animal manure is one of feasible treatments that reserves some portion of nutrients of manure. Although the application of compost to arable land has many advantages, the repeated cultivation of the agriculture land will accumulate the level of heavy metals in the soil which is potentially hamful to people and animals. Therefore it is important to know the characteristics concentration and species of heavy metals in a variety of chemical fonns than just total content of the metal. Because the metals in different forms have different mobilities and bioavailabilites. The aim of this study was to examine the total content and the chemical forms of the heavy metals; Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the animal manure composted with sawdust or rice hull as a bulking agent. A total of 75 compost samples were collected throughout the country and classified into the three groups in accordance with the characteristics of raw materials: swine manure, poultry manure, and mixed(swine + poultry + cattle)manure. The compost samples were analyzed for total metal content and fractionated by sequential chemical extractions to estimate the quantities of metals: exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate and residual. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in all compost samples were lower than the maximum acceptable limits by the Korea Compost Quality Standards. The concentrations of heavy metals in the swine manure compost were higher than those of both the poultry and the mixed manure compost except for Cr. Zn and Cu concentrations of three different compost ranged from 157 to 839 mg Zn/kg DM(dry matter) and from 47 to 458 mg Cu/kg DM, depending on the composition of animal manures. The predominant forms for extracted metals were Cr, Ni, Zn, As and Ph, residual; Cu, organic; and Cd, carbonate. The results suggested that the legal standards for composts should be reexamined to revise the criteria on the total metal content as well as metal speciation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2020

This study was conducted to figure out the productivity of Italian ryegrass(IRG) and leaching water characteristics based on horse manure compost level in Jeju. This study was conducted for about six months. Six treatments were established : non-fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer 100%(CF), horse manure compost 50% and chemical fertilizer 50% combination(Combination), horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen (50%), 100% of nitrogen(100%), 150% of nitrogen(150%). The highest amount of dry matter yield of IRG was revealed in CF(11,965±564 kg/ha), and both 150% and Combination were second(p<0.05). Nitrate leaching tended to increase until the third analysis and then decreased. There were not significantly differences among mean nitrate concentrations. The findings of the study suggest that horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen be applied for IRG as basal fertilization and then 50% of chemical fertilizer be applied as top fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

Livestock waste compost tea is a liquid extract of compost obtained by mixing livestock compost. In this study, some chemical and microbiological characteristics of compost tea depending on the kind of raw materials used were examined, and several experiments to investigate the practical effects on Chinese cabbage cultivation were conducted. This experiment showed that livestock composts needed to be added into aerated water at the ratio between 1:100 and 1:10 (1 part compost to 10~100 parts water) to produce the high quality compost tea. Compost teas must be aerated more than 24 to 48 hours to be able to support aerobic organisms. In cultivation test with compost teas, swine manure compost teas were made by the extracting ratio of 50x, in the aerated condition for 24 hours in water and oil cake in the extracting ratio of 100x were added as supplements. Following the input of oil cake, the concentration of nitrogen and aerobic bacteria increased. Another experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different swine manure compost teas on plant growth and yield of Chinese cabbage. The fresh yield of Chinese cabbage was higher in the fertigated plots by compost tea with oil cake compared to those of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ fertilization plot with chemical fertilizer by soil test recommendation (Fert. NPK). The effect of compost tea on growth of Chinese cabbage was largely attributable to the increased number of microorganisms as well as nutrients.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1998

Sawdust is commonly used as a bulking agent for livestock manure composting. Nowadays, demand of sawdust for composting is increasing, so its price is very high and not easy to obtain. In this study in order to examine the effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC, one of the industrial wastes) on composting of swine manure, ALC (each size of 2, 4, an 8mm) was used as a bulking agent. Swine manure was mixed with each of sawdust and 8mm of ALC in a 1:1 ratio by volume and 2, 4mm of ALC was mixed in a 2:1 ratio by volume. The total period lasted 50 days and was divided into two periods. After mixing bulking agent with swine manure, they were left undisturbed to compost with aeration for an initial period of 20 days. At the end of this period, they were decomposed and mixed to effect a homogenization and then a second period of composting (without aeration) was conducted for 30 days. Temperature during the initial period of swine manure composting were above 70$^{\circ}C$ in all piles and maintained above 55$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Temperatures during the second period were relatively lower than the initial period. pH of the compost was increased during the initial period and after 50 days it reached 9.08 in sawdust pile and 9.03 in ALC pile ( 2mm). In nitrogen content of final compost, sawdust pile was higher than ALC piles by 21∼29%.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.112-117
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• 2002

This study was conducted to induce the optimal composting conditions of pig manure mixed with sawdust and dried paper-mill sludge in the composting for production of high quality compost. Pig manure contains high water content and How C/N ratio because of comparatively high nitrogen content than sawdust and dried paper-mill sludge. Therefore the addition of dried paper-mill sludge and sawdust to the raw materials helps controlling the C/N and the water content of compost pile. The composting system used in the experiment was agitated static bed system. The physical properties of the mixed raw materials was not good at the working conditions in the early stage of composting. The temperature of compost heap reaches at $60^{\circ}C$within 5 day after starting composting in P-2 treatment mixed with pig manure and sawdust(56.6 : 43.4). Then the water content of P-2 was 58%. The pH in all treatments were slowly decreased as the composting was proceeded. Although the changes of T-C and T-N were not extended because of the short composting experiment period. Reduction rates of T-C in treatments were 5-12% without special difference. By considering the efficiency of composting in each of five treatments with pig manure the optimal water contents was about 57% level. Mixing a sawdust as a bulking agent was more positive than dried paper-mill sludge from a viewpoint of compost quality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.364-368
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to characterize organic mater decomposition with application of livestock manure compost in upland soil. Six different composts, which were chicken (CHM), pig (PIM), and cow (COM) manure compost added and chicken (CHMS), pig (PIMS), cow (COMS) manure compost with sawdust added, were prepared for this study. These composts have different composition of crude carbohydrate (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin). The buried-bag method was used to determine the rate of organic mater decomposition and the changes of crude carbohydrate content during 36 months in the field. In all treatment, hemicellulose content was sharply decreased within 8 months, but considerable amount of lignin was remained after 36 months. After 40 months, the rates of carbon decreasing were 81, 80, 72, 69, 67, and 64 % for CHM, PIM, COM, CHMS, PIMS, and COMS, respectively. The estimated equation of carbon decreasing rate (D), $D=aT^b$, was fit to the carbon decreasing rate vs. elapsed time (T) using a non-linear regression procedure. After 40 months, significant difference of carbon decreasing rate between observed and estimated was not found. The relationship between constant a, b and hemicellulose content in the compost was not observed in this experiment. The cellulose and lignin content in the compost were positively correlated to the constant b and negatively correlated to the constant a.