• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2019

We investigated the correlation between density of air and the infection rate of airborne microorganisms in mushroom cultivation facilities and found that the correlation was low in places where the infection rate during cultivation was less than 1%. The farms with an infection rate of 2~5% showed a high infection rate in the inoculation room in spring and summer seasons, and in the incubation room in autumn, and the farms with an infection rate of more than 6% showed infection in all the rooms regardless of the season. The farms where the Trichoderma sp. was investigated at the time of the mushroom cultivation showed the highest infection rates of 3.17%, 2.74%, and 2.64% in summer, spring, and autumn, respectively. The farms infected with Neurospora tetrasperma showed a lesser rate of infection than the ones infected with Trichoderma sp., and the highest infection rate of 0.56% was observed in summer. Based on these results, the type of infection could be classified into five groups, where type I was farms where the infection rate is less than 1% in all seasons. Three farms belonged to this type, and the infection rate in this type was lower than that in the other types.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.579-589
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• 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rye as green manure crop on the improvement of soil environment and reduction of Phytophthora blight in red pepper of open field where Phytophthora blight occurred frequently. Soil physical properties such as bulk density and porosity were increased in rye cultivation. In addition, gaseous was increased but liquid was decreased compared with conventional cultivation. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids extracted from soil showed that rye cultivation significantly increased relative abundance of microbial community and ratio of aerobic to anaerobic bacteria. Furthermore, ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and cyclo-fatty acids to precursor. the indicators of increasing in environmental stresses, were reduced in rye cultivated field. Occurrence of Phytophthora blight in rye cultivation was reduced 30.7% compared with conventional cultivation. These results suggest that rye cultivation in red pepper of open field where Phytophthora blight occurred can improve soil environment and reduce damage of Phytophthora blight.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2002

The study was conducted to investigate the changes of soil properties and evaluation of plant utilization according to the application of compost used with phyllite. At this experiment, the plant cultivation test(lettuce and radish plant) was carried out to know about physico-chemical properties of compost, humus degradarion and stabilization degree, and some effects among rhe treatments were best at 20Mg/ha in PSPC 10(Phyllite, Saw dust, Pig manure Compost) plots and ar 10Mg/ha in PSPC 20 treatments, respectively. The EC value was high in the compost. Therefore the EC was appeared more than 2ds/m at the applied 40Mg/ha with compost. And in case of lettuce, Avail.-$P_2O_5$ and EC were more increased than in the radish plots, highly. In contrast, in case of radish, Toral-N, Total-C, and EC contents were decreased after plant cultivation. That is, it could know that radish was fond of absorprion of nitrogen. Also, BD values of soil physical properties were decreased according to increasing of phyllite addition ratio, however water holding capacity(WHC) was increased. The plant test had not been darnaged through the application of compost used with phyllite in soil and there had not been worse on changing of soil physico-chemical properties. Consequently, phyllite composts have been thought on agricultural utilized possibility.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: To investigate mineralization characteristics of organic resources in the soil, five materials (rice straw, cow manure sawdust compost, microorganism compost, mixed oil-cake, and amino acid fertilizer) were treated according to the nitrogen content, and an indoor incubation experiment was conducted for 128 days. The results of this analysis were applied to determine the nitrogen mineralization pattern of these organic resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the constant temperature incubation period, the nitrogen net mineralization rate of the organic resources was the highest in the amino acid fertilizer with the highest nitrogen content, and the lowest in the rice straw with the lowest nitrogen content. A positive correlation (0.96) was observed between the potential nitrogen mineralization rate and total nitrogen content. The mineralization rate constant, k, was negatively correlated with the organic matter (-0.96) and carbon content (-0.97). The nitrogen mineralization rate during the first cropping season, as estimated by the model, was 6.6%, 11.6%, 30.9%, 70.7%, and 81.0% for the rice straw, the cow manure sawdust compost, the microorganism compost, the mixed oil-cake, and the amino acid fertilizer, respectively. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen mineralization rate varies depending on the type of organic resources or the nitrogen content; thus, it can be used as an index for determining the nitrogen supply characteristics of the organic resource. Organic resources such as compost with low nitrogen content or those undergoing fermentation contain organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen is stabilized during the composting process. Therefore, as the nitrogen mineralization rate of these resources is lower than that of non-fermented organic resources, it is desirable to use the fermented organic materials only to improve soil physical properties rather than to supply nutrients for the required amount of fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.214-219
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• 1990

This study was conducted to characterize red worm(Lumbricus rubellus) and its cast reared six months using with pulp sludge, mixture of pulp sludge and methane sludge, and cow manure and methane sludge. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum growth temperature ranged from $16^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and monthly weight increase was about one kilogram per square meter. 2. The weight of red worm increased 9 to 11 percent reared with mixture of cow manure and methane sludge compared to pulp sludge. 3. Red worm contained large amount of amino acid, including. Lycine, which, might be a good source for a feed additive. 4. Yields of red worm cast ranged from 90 to 95 ton/10a/year on dry weight base. 5. CEC of red worm cast varied from 19.4 to 49.9 meg/100g and O.M content ranged from 26.4 to 35.1 percent. It contained lots of nutrients resulting in a good fertilizer source.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.131-146
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• 2000

This experiment was focused on finding out the potential problems in organic farming system, which is recently emphasized on the produce of horticultural crops due to the serious environmental deterioration. Thus, in this study, the effect of the application of organic farming materials in soil on plant growth and components of chinese cabbage and the soil Physicochemistry property were compared with conventional culture. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The effect of soil chemical properties after application of organic farming materials, The amounts of pH and O.,M. in N, P, K treated plot were few of change, To the contray, fermentation compost and microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot were some increase, Amount of P$_2$O$_{5}$ , Ca and increase in comparison with the N, P, K treated plot, Specially chicken manure+ microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot was the highest. 2. Change of soil microbial after application of organic farming materials, The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in N, P, K treated plot were appeared definite direction, to the fermentation compost and microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot showed the increased tendency, specially, chicken manure+ microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot was the highest, 3. The growth characteristic of chinese cabbage after application of organic farming materials was superior in order of chemical fertilizers plot> microorganisms fermentation compost plot> fermentation compost plot. It shows the NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ accumulation in chinese cabbage was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leavess. It was some lower in the microorganisms fermentation compost plot, it was the highest at chemical fertilizers plot , all inner and outer leaves.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2020

In this study, the physico-chemical properties and pyrolysis kinetics of livestock mature solid fuel were investigated to know its feasibility as a fuel. Ultimate and proximate analysis results showed that livestock mature solid fuel has high contents of volatile matter (64.94%), carbon (44.35%), and hydrogen (5.54%). The low heating value of livestock mature solid fuel (3880 kcal/kg) was also higher than the standard requirement of solid fuel (3000 kcal/kg). Thermogravimetic analysis results indicated that livestock mature solid fuel has three decomposition temperature regions. The first temperature zone (130~330 ℃) was consisted with the vaporization of extracts and the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. The second (330~480 ℃) and third (550~800 ℃) temperature regions were derived from the decomposition of lignin and additional decomposition of carbonaceous materials, respectively. The activation energy derived from model free kinetic analysis results including Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods for the pyrolysis of livestock mature solid fuel was in the range of 173.98 to 525.79 kJ/mol with a conversion rate of 0.1 to 0.9. In particular, the activation energy increased largely at the higher conversion than 0.6. The kinetic analysis using a curve-fitting method suggested that livestock mature solid fuel was decomposed via a multi-step reaction which can be divided into five decomposition steps.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil physical properties and microorganism in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC). cow manure compost(CMC). human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISE) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Bulk density of loam soil decreased with compost application to $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot, while in sandy loam soil it decreased to $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot. Bulk density of soil was decreased according to maize cultivation compared with bare control, but soybean cultivation was similar. Population of organic material decomposing microorganisms was increased rapidly at the initial incubation stage at $25^{\circ}C$, and increased more sensitively at the loam soil than sandy loam soil. In the case of the change of microorganisms associated with nitrogen circulation, ammonia oxidizing bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria increased until 1~4 weeks after incubation and increased more at the loam soil than sandy loam soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the long-term effects of organic waste treatments on the fate of heavy metals in soils originated from the organic wastes and consequent uptake of heavy metals by plant, together with examination of changes in soil properties and plant growth performance. In this study, the soils treated with three different organic wastes (municipal sewage sludge, alcohol fermentation processing sludge, pig manure compost) at three different rates (12.5, 25.0, 50.0 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) for 7 years (1994 - 2000) were used. To see the long-term effect, plant growth study and soil examination were conducted twice in 2000 and 2010, respectively. There was no additional treatments of organic wastes for 10 years after the organic waste treatment for 7 years. Compared to plant growth examination conducted in 2000 using radish (Raphanus sativus cv. sodamaltari), it appeared that height, root length and diameter, fresh weight of radish grown in 2010 decreased in the plots treated with municipal sewage sludge and alcohol fermentation processing sludge and that the extent of decrease was higher with increase of sludge application rates. On the other hand, pig compost treatment increased plant height, root length and diameter, fresh weight with increasing application rates. Cu and Pb concentrations in radish root and leaves increased in 2010 compared to those in 2000 while Ni concentrations in root and leaves decreased. Zn concentration was increased only in the soils treated with pig manure compost. Multiple regression analysis among heavy metal species fractions in soils, soil pH, and metal concentrations in radish root and leaves indicated that the metal uptake by radish was governed mainly by the soil pH and subsequent increase of available heavy metal fractions in soils with organic waste treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mixed cropping of legume and grass was effective system in view point of providing organic matter and nitrogen or reducing the nitrogen starvation of following crop. The relation of the change of N and P constituents depending on the cropping types and those effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of the following crop were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three cropping types, hairy vetch mono cropping, barley mono cropping, and mixed cropping of hairy vetch and barley were applied. Soil properties, growth characteristics, and nitrogen production of green manure crops were observed. In additions, the effect of cropping types on the growth pattern of corn as the following crop was observed. In the mixed cropping system, creeping type hairy vetch climbed to the erect type barely for light utilization resulting in improvement of light interception rate and higher LAI (Leaf Area Index) than in mono cropping. Mixed cropping showed higher biomass production and soil nitrogen availability among the cropping types, indicating relatively much more nutrient supply and higher yield production of following crop. CONCLUSION: Mixed cropping showed relatively higher LAI (dry matter) mainly because of intense competition for light utilization usually after flowering stage. Mixed cropping also showed relatively higher yield of corn, the following crop rather than other types, mainly due to the more biomass production potential and higher N and P production ability. Therefore, mixed cropping was adaptable method to reduce or replace chemical fertilizer application for environmentally-friendly agriculture.