• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.45-63
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• 2013

Upon completion of new concrete structures, the achieved construction quality always shows a high scatter and variability, and in severe environments, any weaknesses and deficiencies will soon be revealed whatever durability specifications and materials have been applied. To a certain extent, a probability approach to the durability design can take the high scatter and variability into account. However, numerical solutions alone are not sufficient to ensure the durability and service life of concrete structures in severe environments. In the present paper, the basis for a probability-based durability design is briefly outlined and discussed. As a result, some performance-based durability requirements are specified which are used for quality control and quality assurance during concrete construction. The final documentation of achieved construction quality and compliance with the specified durability are key to any rational approach to more controlled and increased durability. As part of the durability design, a service manual for future condition assessment and preventive maintenance of the structure is also produced. It is such a service manual which helps provide the ultimate basis for achieving a more controlled durability and service life of the given concrete structure in the given environment.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.252-260
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• 2020

Objective: Disorder of the autonomic nervous system is considered to be the cause of primary dysmenorrhea. The spine has a close relationship with the autonomic nervous system, and the sacrum is mechanically and neurologically connected to the uterus through ligaments. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the effect on the autonomic nervous system through measurement of heart rate variability by applying manual therapy to the sacroiliac joints of subjects with primary dysmenorrhea and to suggest an effective treatment method for dysmenorrhea. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty females with dysmenorrhea were assigned to either the manual therapy group and sham treatment group according to the random treatment method. The manual therapy was applied to the sacroiliac joints, and the sham treatment was only treated with the hands placed in the same position of the intervention. Heart rate variability and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were measured on the day when menstruation began ±2. Interventions were performed between the groups, followed by a 5-minute break and then re-measurements were made. Results: There were significant differences in autonomic balance and VAS scores in the manual therapy group before and after the intervention between groups (p<0.05). In the sham treatment group, there were significant differences in low frequency, autonomic balance, and VAS scores (p<0.05). There were significant differences in autonomic balance between groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: In females with primary dysmenorrhea, manual therapy applied to the sacroiliac joint was found to be effective for a short time on autonomic activity.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1205-1213
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• 2008

Material is a factor for maximizing formative aspect among fashion design factors. Therefore, central axis of modern fashion is performing various trials for escaping from existing cloth and searching for artistic value. Especially, Korean paper is a formative material, which is manufactured through traditional manual work in Korea. The material is used in various fields on the basis of its aesthetic feature. Especially, fashion field performs handcraft activity on the basis of mulberry pulp, which is a prime material of Korean paper. Because the activity can be reinterpreted by world designers, who want to find motive of fashion material in the third world, it is necessary to perform experimental study for developing expressive form on the basis of diversity of Korean paper material. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to perform experimental study by focusing on the development of Korean paper material in order to express formative feature. The study purposes are as follows. The first purpose is to reinterprete the theory through actual work of fiber formation using Korean paper in the current flow where art and design field are fused and compromised. The second purpose is to suggest vision of material development on the basis of formative feature to fashion world focusing its eyesight to Asia and the third countries. The study results are as follows. First, Korean paper has been evaluated as proper material for the fusion of design and art because of its handicraft feature, long-term preservation, heat insulation, absorption, diversity and eastern feature. Second, the study performed various trials for artistic dress material by developing 12 Korean paper works and suggested the development of new material on the basis of formative feature of modem fashion industry.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2021

Concerns regarding work and food safety in foodservice operations are growing. The purpose of the study is to suggest guidelines for designing foodservice facilities, including school foodservices and Korean restaurants. A case of a franchise restaurant specializing in a Korean food item, Seolleongtang, was used to explain the facility design. The contents of the manual included ways to determine space allocation, calculate the application of utilities and the diameters of supply utility pipelines, and suggestions on how to decide on air conditioning equipment. The standards of the American Gas Association and the Japan Foodservice Equipment Association (JFEA) were applied to design the restaurant space. The JFEA standards and knowledge based on experience and statistics were applied to calculate the usage of utilities like fuel and water. The standards of JFEA and the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Sanitary Engineers of Japan were applied to calculate the diameters of the water supply and drainage pipelines. For the setting of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, three ways to carry out the calculation of effective ventilation were explained, as well as options to dicide the standard parameters of the duct and ventilation fans. This manual can contribute to the design of effective and efficient foodservice facilities and help secure the work safety of foodservice employees thereby ensuring food safety.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.325-341
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study is to suggest the guidelines of operation phases to minimize injuries and musculoskeletal disorders in manual material handling (MMH) tasks through literature reviews. The guidelines are presented as the preparing phase, lifting phase, carrying phase, and lowering phase. Also, we summarized the non-numerical general guidelines for MMH tasks. Background: Manual material handling is still a main cause to musculoskeletal disorders. Method: Procedures of a literature review are classified into database selection, keyword search, title review, abstract review related to literature selection, guideline review and arrangement. A total 48 papers and books were analyzed in detail by title and abstract reviews. Results: In the preparing phase, we suggested the basic conditions in MMH, preparing procedure, clothing and protective equipment, and education. In the lifting and carrying phases, we recommended maximal acceptable weight by frequency and body posture. In the lowering phase, we suggested the lowest weight and safety body postures. Finally, we recommended general guidelines and guideline items for MMH. General guidelines are presented to suggest worker selection, technical education, and work design parts. Conclusion: We suggested the guidelines on the four operation phases of MMH tasks such as preparing, lifting, carrying, and lowering phases. Application: The findings of this study can be utilized as guidelines for proactive recommendations according to workers in MMH tasks.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

Mikania micrantha, a neo-tropical vine, is spreading rapidly in the tropical part of Nepal and is now threatening the rural ecosystem including biodiversity and rural livelihoods. However, no attempt has been made to control the spread of M. micrantha. As a result, the vines are spreading freely and rapidly. After a thorough literature review and assessment of forest management practices, we proposed a manual cutting method, as it suits the Nepalese situation for several reasons: required labor is readily available, as local communities are managing forest patches, and the method does not have any potential adverse effects on non-target native species. Experimental plots were laid out in August 2011 to examine the effectiveness of manual cutting. Two different site types based on canopy coverage were selected and divided into three blocks based on cutting strategy. Four treatments were assigned across the experimental plots following a complete block design. We harvested above-ground biomass according to the assigned treatment. The results suggested that there should be at least two consecutive cuttings within a 3-week interval before flowering, and that three consecutive cuttings resulted in 91% mortality of the vines. In addition, cutting promoted regeneration of native plant species. Employing regular cutting operations can modify understory shade enhancing regeneration of native species, which is a desirable condition to constrain proliferation of M. micrantha. Periodic cuttings reduced the competitiveness of M. micrantha regardless of canopy openness, but native ground cover should be retained.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.233-253
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• 2024

This study analyzed differences between three-dimensional (3D) body scanning and manual measurements, aiming to assess whether 3D scanning can replace traditional anthropometric tools, such as tape measures and calipers. Data from 4,478 participants in the 8th Size Korea Project were analyzed, covering 43 measurement items. Since Given that the 3D and manual measurements were performed on the same subjects in the 8th Size Korea Project, it was possible to determine the correlation more accurately between the two measurement methods more accurately. Using Applying ISO 20685-1(2018) standards, 15 out of the 43 items fell within allowable error limits. When classified into six types, "small circumferences" and "segment lengths" showed averages of 3.35 mm and 3.10 mm, respectively, within acceptable range. "Body heights" and "body depths" slightly exceeded the limit, with averages of 5.28 mm and 6.58 mm. "Body widths" and "large circumferences" surpassed the limit, with means of 16.77 mm and 16.18 mm. The study offers an objective basis to for validate validating 3D measurements' measurements' reliability and accuracy, addressing various industries' needs for information on the human body's dimensions information.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 보병용 휴대 배낭 설계를 위하여 인체공학적인 물자취급 중량을 검토하여 휴대 및 이동성능에 기초한 한계하중을 분석하는데있다. 제품설계시 인체공학적 설계가이드라인과 운용현황을 조사분석하여 효율적인 운용성능을 위한 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 인력물자취급시 역사적 관점에서 생리학적 연구방법, 생체역학적 연구방법, 인체심리학적 연구방법들을 검토하여 보병용 휴대배낭의 휴대성 및 이동성을 분석하였다. 휴대성과 이동성 간의 관계를 분석한 결과, 단거리의 짧은 기동거리에서는 생체역학적 기준치를, 1-2시간의 중간인 이동에서는 인체심리학적 기준치를, 4시간 혹은 그 이상의 장거리에서는 생리학적 기준치를 적용하여 각각의 가이드라인들을 상호 절충하는 것이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 보병의 물자취급시 4가지 연구방법을 제안하였다. 이러한 기존의 설계 가이드라인을 분석한 결과, 병사의 인체사이즈 측면에서는 5%tile의 경우 -091kg으로 여유중량이 부족하지만, 95%tile에서는 34.17kg까지 여유중량이 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 연구결과는 물자취급시 편하고, 효율적인 운용성능을 창출하기 위해서 휴대중량과 이동거리에 따라 여유중량을 관리해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2013

This paper is intended to provide the background information and justification for Korean highway bridge design code(limit state design)(2012). Limit state design method calculates reliability index and probability of failure through the analysis of the reliability of the experimental database. It has become possible to perform the economical and consistent design by evaluating the safety of a structure quantitatively. In this paper, we used the design specifications of RC slab bridge of superstructure form of Road Design Manual in Part 5 bridge built in highway bridge. This study conducted structural analysis using the method of frame structure theory, design and analysis of bridge by limit state design method, the design code including various standards and Load model applied Korean highway bridge design code limit state design(KHBDC;2012). As a result, it analyzed the effect of safety through comparison. Showing effect of improvement the safety factor and comparing the value of the result, it is determined to be capable of economical design and safety. Furthermore, limit state design method was able to determine many redundant force of cross-section compared with existing design method. It is determined that it can reduce the overall amount because of the reduction of the cross-section and girder depth.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제8호
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• pp.44-57
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• 1996

Now interior designers have to meet this challenge by rising to the occasion and taking advantage of opportunities while strengthening their skills which have not kept pace with the increasing emphasis on design. furthermore, they are hampered by the lack of a general working design methodology. Interior designers in Korea have been slow to recognize the need for developing a specification methodology manual which could be adapted to meet varying requirements and modified to reflect designers experiences. The design process in Korean interior design often involves utilizing drawing document methods based on architectural prototypes rather than upon drawing methods developed by design firms as a result of work experience s and unique needs. However, these unique nees are nearly always limited by traditional working drawing methods. This has led to confusion and inaccuracies due to the lack of a single starndardized and universally acceptable working drawing methodology which is capable of reflecting the needs of all parties involved , partiality those of interior designers. This thesis is an attmepted to establish the necessity for developing a better working drawing methodogoy or technical mans of satisfying the information sorting and processing need s of interior design professionals, a five step suggestion for developing such a methodology follows. First, arrange pertinent design research information by means of a process which can be employed throughout the design process, from inception through to working drawing stage. The end result should be an interior architectural design process culminating in a pattern skillfully blending architecture, vision and product with environment . The design process should be manifested into a series of definable steps and yet sufficiently flexible and variable in order to provide the most apropos design solution. Secondly , motify the design methodology systematically according to site conditions and prevailing construction technology and manifest the design process in a booklet form so that it reflects a desired pattern. Thirdly, this methodology should incorporate a stand-ardized and functional process capable of being utilized to impact clear design concepts and objectives with preci-sion and efficiency in a manual form.