• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

Mandibular fractures have higher incidence rate compared to facial bone fractures because of relatively prominent form. Specially, mandibular angle fractures were known as common fracture site because of morphological anatomic structure. The mandibular third molar appears to be the most frequent impacted tooth. The mandibular third molar have influence on mandibular angle fractures according to it's eruption state. Also, the mandibular angle fracture including the third molar may influence on post operative infection whether the third molar is in impacted or extracted state when reduction of fracture site is operated. The presence or absence and degree of impaction of the mandibular third molar were assessed for each patient and were related to the occurrence of the mandibular angle fracture. The extraction or non extraction of the mandibular third molar were related to the occurrence of the post operative infection in the reduction of mandibular angle fractures. In the presence of mandibular third molar, the possibility of mandibular angle fractures were relatively common. When viewing the mandibular third molar at occlusal plane, the possibility of mandibular angle fractures were high in the class C group. The possibility of mandibular angle fractures were high in the mesial angulation and partial impaction. There was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). In complete erupted mandibular third molar, the possibility of post operative infection occurs quite often, but there was no statistical significant difference(P>0.05). In the extracted or non extracted of mandibular third molar, the post operative infection showed no statistical significant difference(P>0.05). With the results mentioned above, mandibular third molar was significantly more susceptible to mandibular angle fracture. In the reduction of mandibular angle fracture, it was recommended that mandibular third molar should be extracted especially in case of pericoronitis, periodontitis and other infections.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2000

The mandibular contour determines the shape of the lower part of the face and thus influences the appearance of the face. A patient with a large, squarish, or broad face who desires a small, round, or slender face can undergo mandibular contouring surgery to reduce the width of the lower face. The successful correction of a prominent mandibular angle by conventional angle ostectomy has been reported. But, in the majority of patients with a widened facial appearance, both the mandibular angle and part of the mandibular body anterior to it are protuberant laterally, so both must be resected. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new method of performing mandibular contouring surgery, more effectively and easily, and to reduce postoperative complication and evaluate its results. We treated 6 patients who has prominent mandibular angle using multiple step osteotomy with angle-splitting ostectomy. The advantages of this new method are as following. (1) easily performable (2) effective mandibular contouring surgery by reducing the width of lower face (3) producing a natural relief of the mandibular angle (4) low risk of soft tissue damage and complications (5) shortening of the operation time. etc.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.677-681
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• 2012

Orthognathic surgery(2-jaw or 1-jaw surgery) is very famous one of cosmetic techniques. However, primary purpose of orthognathic surgery is to improve the occlusion of jaw and secondary purpose is to improve the esthetic result. Unfortunately, many patients don't only confuse often primary and secondary purpose of orthognathic surgery but they think the esthetic result is more important than the occlusion. Therefore, oral and maxillofacial surgeon has to fully understand cosmetic needs of patient and reflect that in the treatment plan. Patients with prominent mandibular angle want to have the narrower face of so called 'V-line' shape. Various techniques like the angle shaving, ostectomy of the lateral cortex around the mandibular angle and masseter musclectomy can be used for improving the mandibular angle hypertrophy. These techniques also can be applied in orthognathic surgery at the same time. We operated patients of orthognathic surgery, especially, with wide lower face and post-operative results were satisfactory in all cases. So, we propose mandibular angle management for improving the esthetic result of orthognathic surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 1998

Purpose : This study attempted to relate the incidence of fractures at the mandibular angle with the presence and state of eruption of lower third molars, and to find out the real risk factors for angle fractures in the states of lower third molars. Materials and Methods : Medical records and radiographs of 395 patients with mandibular fractures were retrospectively reviewed. The presence and states of third molars were assessed for each patients and related to the occurrence of angle and other mandibular fractures. Results : Of 395 patients with mandibular fractures, 142 had angle fractures. The incidence of angle fractures was found to be significantly greater when partial erupted lower third molars were present and it had a definite role for risk factors for angle fractures. But there were no clear relationship between the incidence of angle fracrtures and states of without, fully erupted lower third molars. Furthermore, the states of patial and unerupted lower third molar had an effect on bony segment displacement. Conclusions : This study provides clinical evidence to suggest that patial erupted third molar teeth weaken the mandibular angle both quantitatively and qualitatively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 2017

Objectives: This paper proposes Han's ratio as an objective and quantitative comparative result obtained from pre and postoperative data in patients with a mandibular angle reduction. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients, 12 men and 18 women, who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery with the chief complaints of skeletal mandibular prognathism and prominent mandibular angle were selected. The subjects were classified into 3 groups according to the types of surgical procedures involved. Group A consisted of patients who underwent mandibular angle resection and mandibular setback. Group B was comprised of patients with mandibular angle resection, mandibular setback and genioplasty. Group C consisted of patients with mandibular angle resection, mandibular setback, Le Fort I osteotomy, and genioplasty. The landmarks placed in pre and postoperative frontal photographs were used to obtain the Han's ratio in each group. The Han's ratios were compared pre- and postoperation and according to the surgical techniques applied. Results: Of the 3 groups who had undergone a mandibular angle resection, all showed a statistically significant increase in Han's ratio. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference based on the surgical techniques used. Conclusion: The ratio of the lateral lower face proposed in this study is a potential indicator of postoperative esthetic enhancement in mandibular angle reduction surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2006

The treatment plan for orthognathic surgery must be based on accurate predictions, and this can be produced the most esthetic, functional and stable results. The purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the gonial angle and the mandibular width change after the mandibular setback surgery in the mandibular prognathic patients. Twenty patients were selected who received orthognathic surgery after presurgical orthodontic treatment. The patients with skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion were operated upon with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and mandibular setback. The lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs were taken preoperatively, postoperative 1 day and 12 months later after the orthognathic surgery, and then the gonial angle and mandibular width were measured. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/PC program. The gonial angle at postoperative 1 day was decreased about $5.3^{\circ}$ than preoperative value and the gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was increased about $1.4^{\circ}$ than postoperative 1 day. So the gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was decreased about $3.9^{\circ}$ than preoperative value. The mean preoperative gonial angle was $125.35^{\circ}{\pm}7.36$, showing significantly high value than normal and mean gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was $121.45^{\circ}{\pm}6.81$, showing value near to normal. The mandibular width at postoperative 1 day was decreased about 1.1 mm than preoperative value and the mandibular width at postoperative 12 months was more decreased about 1.7 mm than postoperative 1 day. So the mandibular width at postoperative 12 months was decreased about 2.8 mm than preoperative value. These results indicate that sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathic patients with high gonial angle is effective to improvement of gonial angle. It is considered to be helpful for maintenance of postoperative stable gonial angle area that detailed postoperative care and follow-up.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.376-381
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• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between third molar (M3) and mandibular fracture. Methods: Patients with unilateral mandibular angle or condyle fractures between 2008 and 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed regarding the location of fractures, and panoramic radiographs were reviewed to discern the presence and position of ipsilateral mandibular third molars (M3). We measured the bony area of the mandibular angle (area A) and the bony area occupied by the M3 (area B) to calculate the true mandibular angle bony area ratio (area A-B/area A×100). Results: The study consisted of 129 patients, of which 60 (46.5%) had angle fractures and 69 (53.5%) had condyle fractures. The risk of angle fracture was higher in the presence of M3 (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; p< 0.05) and the risk of condyle fracture was lower in the presence of M3 (OR, 0.45; p< 0.05), than in the absence of M3. The risk of angle fracture was higher in the presence of an impacted M3 (OR, 0.3; p< 0.001) and the risk of condyle fracture was lower in the presence of an impacted M3 (OR, 3.32; p< 0.001), than in the presence of a fully erupted M3. True mandibular angle bony area ratio was significantly lower in the angle fractures than in the condyle fractures (p= 0.003). Conclusion: Angle fractures had significantly lower true mandibular angle bony area ratios than condyle fractures. True mandibular angle bony area ratio, a simple and inexpensive method, could be an option to predict the mandibular fracture patterns.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.201-206
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• 2014

Purpose: To establish management protocol for mandibular angle fracture, we describe pertinent factors including cause, impacted third molar and recent treatment tendency. Methods: We examined the records of 62 patients who had unilateral mandibular angle fracture. Sixty patients who had open reduction surgery were examined at postoperative weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, and 28. Results: Left mandibular angle fracture is frequent in younger males. Presence of the mandibular third molar can increase fracture risk. Because of attached muscle, favorable fractures occurred primarily in the mandibular angle area. Conclusion: Extracting the mandibular third molar can prevent angle fractures, and open reduction with only one plate adaptation is generally the proper treatment method for mandibular angle fracture.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2020

Aesthetic facial profile is mainly determined by cultural background. In some countries, prominent mandibular angle is considered as characteristics, whereas it is considered as unattractive in East Asian countries. Therefore, reduction surgery for prominent mandibular angle is one of the popular cosmetic surgery in theses countries. The anatomical component of the mandibular angle consists of masseter muscle and the angular part of the mandibular ramus. Thus, the mandibular angle reduction can be performed by myotomy or bone reduction or both.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.1 s.33
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• pp.185-195
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to grope the correlation of the maximal bite force and tooth-craniofacial structure. The maximal bite force of 76 adult male, aged 18-28 (mean aged: $23.4{\pm}2.2$) years, was estimated and cephalometric headplates were measured, tabulated and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows. 1. 59.61kg of bite force in first molar, 45.38kg in premolar and 17.10kg in central incisor were arranged. 2. The bite force was negatively correlated to genial angle, mandibular plane angle, the angle between occlusal plane and mandibular plane, the angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane, and positively correlated to posterior height of face, length of mandibular body, length of ramus, facial depth in craniofacial structure. 3. The group with strong bite force showed small genial angle, mandibular plane angle, the angle between occlusal plane and mandibular plane, the angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane, and long posterior height of face, length of mandibular body, length of ramus, facial depth. So they manifested the tendency to brachycephalic pattern, on the other hand, the group with weak bite force manifested the tendency to dolichocephalic pattern. 4. There is no correlationships between bite force and mesial inclination of premolar axis in this subject. 5. It is considered bite force have an effect upon craniofacial pattern, especially upon the lower face.