• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.91-106
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• 2003

The objective of this study is to present management methods for Korean golf courses to achieve fast green that satisfies international golf tournament standards during an official golf tournament. The results of both the research and the comparative study on putting green management of 24 tournaments hosted in Korea and 12 tournaments hosted in overseas countries in 2002 are as follows: 1. As for the putting greens in Korean and foreign golf courses where official golf tournaments were held, Korean of official golf tournaments were mainly opened in two-green system golf courses contrary to the foreign cases, and the average size of the greens in Korean golf courses was shown to be greater than that of foreign golf courses to some extent, although there was no difference between the types of turf varieties. 2. Results have shown that unlike foreign golf courses, Korean golf courses were managing putting greens by using greens mowers mostly for general (non-tournament) management, and elaborate rolling attempts failed during official tournament flay week because of an insufficient number of rollers to be input. Therefore, Korean golf courses are required to make efforts to secure 21-inch working-behind greens mowers equipped with tournament bedknifes and 11 blades, which is the greens mowing equipment for professional tournaments, and rollers above all things in order to achieve fast green during tournament play week 3. In attempting to achieve green as fast as that of foreign golf courses, Korean golf courses need to consider the method of performing mowing at 3.0mm height or less with greens mowers for professional tournaments. This needs to be done more than two times, followed by a continuous practice of rolling for proper management.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to discovered assessment items for improving athletic efficiency and management of golf courses. Through this, the study intended to provide basic data for creating competitive golf courses and management. Important assessment items were selected by inducing preliminary assessment items and conducting a preliminary survey and a main survey for specialists through a theoretical study. For the survey results studied, reliability and average value for importance were calculated using SPSS/PC Window Release 12.0. As assessment of importance by assessment area, in athletic efficiency assessment, course management level was the highest, followed by fairness of games and operation of games. In management assessment, importance of service level, information management, facility management, management of game assistants, etc. were high. As assessment of importance by assessment item, it was found that 'variety of golf shot' and 'the length of a course' were important in course layout. Also 'start interval among teams' and 'disturbance of play' were assessed as important items in game operation, while 'fair reservation' and 'rounding rotation time' were important in fairness of games. In addition, in information management, 'kind service of golf course staffs' and 'prompt reservation and notification' were found to be important assessment items. In facility management, all assessment indexes were over 4.0, which means all of them are important for quality of golf course and competitiveness. In membership service, 'appropriate price of goods for sale' and 'service for members' were relatively important assessment items. Further, in management of game assistants, 'qualifications and skillfulness of game assistants' was assessed as a very important index. Although the current study only selected important items to assess excellent golf courses, it is necessary to apply the study results to the actual sites and verify them for golf course both at domestic and abroad.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.272-281
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• 2024

Field surveys were conducted to assess the occurrence and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in golf courses and athletic fields across Maryland, USA, during 2022 and 2023. A total of 28 golf courses and ten athletic fields were surveyed, revealing the prevalence and abundance of 13 PPNs taxa in the region. Criconemoides was identified as the most prevalent (94.9%) and Tylenchorhynchus as the most abundant (2.3) across all samples. Central golf courses (west side of the Chesapeake Bay) exhibited a high prevalence of Criconemoides and Tylenchorhynchus, while Eastern Shore golf courses and athletic fields displayed a higher prevalence of Helicotylenchus and Criconemoides. Further, Belonolaimus longicaudatus was reported for the first time from turfgrass in Maryland, raising concerns due to its potential to cause severe damage on both cool- and warm-season turfgrass. Biodiversity analysis indicated that richness (R²) was higher in athletic fields, while diversity (H') and evenness (J') were significantly greater in golf courses. This study provides baseline information for monitoring PPNs distribution in Maryland and also for the development of effective nematode management approaches in turfgrass ecosystems.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis is to search for appropriate design elements to manage ponds on golf courses. This paper showed that a variable, width, and volume have significant influence on satisfaction(Sig 0.001). This research investgated golf courses in Kyung-ki province. In short, we measured the physical design elements of ponds to bring out major factors which could determine satisfaction of golf courses for golfcourse manager(greenkeeper). The results between satisfaction and physical variable came out as follows; 1, Golfcourse managers(Green keepers) responded to questions that they were satisfied in only 29.9% of the ponds. We found that they considered management very highly. we could evaluated the value of necessity and importance are high, that is importance to manage ponds 2. Some physical design elements(volume, width) increased dependent variable(satisfaction) and others(length, area, circumference, index of shape) decreased dependent variable(satisfaction) 3. Volume has an influence on dependent variable more than depth on index of shape. 4 If the result of \`index of shape\` decreased, the result of \`management satisfaction\` would be high, and when volume is 8500ton∼17000ton, depth is 27m∼3.1m, \`management satisfaction\` would be high. The research findings can be used for planning and designing of golfcourses for designers, and by management for greenkeepers, and will provide pertinent design elements far design of golfcourses. We suggest that the interrelation between ponds and strategic play must be examined in future research.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

Golf has emerged as one of the key leisure activities in Korea. This study examines the characteristics of golf consumption typology. A total of 256 questionnaires were collected from membership and public golf courses in the Incheon and Gyeonggi district. This study explores user satisfaction with and service at the golf course. The results of this research show that there are primary factors in user satisfaction regarding course facility, scores and operational services. Detail responses regarding these golf courses prove that the whole of the golf course, satisfaction with the course layout, landscaping and user gratification with the golf facilities are influenced by contentment with the management of the golf course. Satisfaction with scores were correlated with user contentment with the golf course. Detailed factors regarding operational services cited such aspects as ease of reservations, staff and tee time, all factors related to the smooth arrangements and progress that are influenced by operational services. This research was more concerned with course design and facility operations than marketing operations, which can satisfy users through investment in variety and expansion of the course facilities. Satisfaction in these areas is correlated to revisits and recommendations to others. The types of membership and public golf courses face difficulty in development, operation, and facilities maintenance, among other features. This paper will help separate out each quality in order to formulate difference stratagems for marketing and operation tactics in the future.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.51-77
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• 2006

Pond management is a critical part of overall golf course management, both during growth and maintenance modes of turf care. This study investigated 48 ponds in nine 18- or 27-hole golf courses to analyze the environmental characteristics of ponds. The research process had three phases: (1) inventory and analysis of grading plans and drainage plans, (2) field verification and interviews with greenskeepers, and (3) analyses of water quality and statistics. All data were collected from May to August in 2004. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. It is desirable to site a golf course in a small watershed with high watershed eccentricity to control storm water runoff efficiently and to minimize soil erosion during construction. 2. The siting and size of a pond should be determined through a land-use analysis of the watershed for the purpose of ecological management. The bigger the forest-to-golf course ratio, the better the water quality will be. 3. The size and capacity of each individual ponds varied and there were many somewhat longish rather than round ponds. 4. There were many differences among golf courses in naturalness of the ponds, and the correlation between naturalness and area of aquatic plants was very high. 5. Analyses of pond water quality indicated that the degrees of Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demanded and Suspended Solids were relatively low values but Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen were too high. Therefore a systematic approach is needed to solve e problem. Pesticide residues were not detected in all ponds. 6. Water depth and area of hydrophyte should be considered when designing an ecological pond. 7. All ponds used storm water as a main source of water supply and added underground water. Aquatic plants and physical methods such as water aeration and spray fountains were the main choices for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.20-30
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• 2003

This study is aimed at establishing the categories and items for ecological assessment and evaluation of the environmental friendliness of golf courses in the capital region of Korea. The categories and items for the assessment have been derived based on the existing literature and interviews with golf experts. This study covers 32 golf courses in the capital region of Korea that are available in terms of data and on-site surveys. In order to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the environmental friendliness of the golf courses, the assessment area was divided into 4 categories that include a total of 14 sub-categories. The 4 categories encompass 1) location, 2) topography, 3) vegetation, and 4) construction. As its sub-categories, the location category includes current land use and zoning in the National Land Use Management Law. Topography has 2 sub-categories in the damage ratio of existing topography, gradient, cut area, and slope height. The assessment of vegetation is largely based on site surveys in the categories of preservation of the existing vegetation, the use of natural resources and existing trees, the component ratio of native tree species, the multi-layered structure of vegetation, and the utilization of water purification plants. In the aspect of construction, afforestation on tile slopes and the utilization of existing surface soil were evaluated. The examination of comparative analysis among the 10 items as a ratio measure showed that the scores were low in the sub-categories of current land we, the use of existing trees, and the multi-layered structure of vegetation. However, the rating results were satisfactory in the 2 sub-categories including cut area, and the utilization of native tree species. Those proved to be contributing factors in the ecological health of the golf courses. According to correlation analysis of the 10 items to the overall ecological rating of each golf course, the sizes of the 32 golf courses were mainly affected by the damage ratio of existing topography, gradient, preservation of vegetation and slope height. This study has the initiative to conduct an ecological assessment of golf courses in the country based on site surveys. The study results revealed that location factors such as current land use, damage ratio of topography and gradient and topographical factors were the main factors affecting the environmental friendliness of golf courses. This indicates indicating the significance of these factors in the future construction practices of golf courses. Furthermore, this study raises the need for follow-up studies to establish more detailed assessment criteria and to develop assessment techniques for areas such as slope afforestation and water purification plants that need a qualitative approach.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2016

지렁이 분변토는 골프장이나 경기장에서 경기력 저하와 잔디 관리의 균일성을 떨어트리는 위해요소이다. 본 연구는 골프장에서 지렁이 분변토 감소를 목적으로 화학적 방제제(bifenthrin GR+clothianidin GR, ethoprophos GR, imidacloprid SC, picoxystrobin WG, thiophanate-methyl WP)와 차나무(Camellia oliefera) 추출물의 효과를 골프장에서 조사하였다. 모든 처리에서 지렁이 분변토 수가 감소하였으며 thiophanate-methyl WP의 지렁이 분변토 발생 억제효과가 가장 높았다. 차나무 추출물 처리도 지렁이 분변토 발생 효과를 보였는데 펠렛형 차나무 종자추출 부산물과 차나무 추출물 액상제형이 차나무 추출물 입상제형에 비하여 효과가 높았으며, 차나무 추출물이나 부산물 처리가 분변토 관리의 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

골프장에서 제초와 병해충방제를 위해 농약의 사용은 필수적인 요소이다. 농약은 적절하게 관리되지 않을 경우 주변 환경과 생태계에 악영향을 초래할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 골프장의 농약사용에 관한 구체적인 통계나 체계적 관리방안이 없는 실정이었다. 본 논문에서는 골프장에서 사용되는 농약의 실태를 파악하고 이를 국가적 차원에서 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 방안에 관해 조사하였다. 골프의 대중화로 인해 우리나라의 골프장은 급격히 증가하여 2011년 말 기준으로 421개소가 운영되고 있으며 이는 면적으로 $379.53km^2$이다. 이와 더불어 농약사용량도 매년 증가하고 있으며 2011년에는 216품목의 농약이 성분량 기준으로 총 118,669.4 kg이었고, 살균제(54.9%) > 살충제(24.4%) > 제초제(13.3%) > 생장조정제(0.1%) 순이었다. 2011년 골프장별 평균 농약사용량은 성분량으로 280.9 kg이였으며, 단위면적당 평균 농약사용량은 $5.4kg\;ha^{-1}$이였으나 이는 일반 농경지에서의 사용량의 50%에 해당되는 것이다. 골프장별 사용량은 $0.0-21.9kg\;ha^{-1}$ 범위로 편차가 매우 컸다. 골프장내 잔류농약성분의 검출빈도는 green > fairway, 잔디 > 토양 순이었다. 과거에는 일부 골프장에서 고독성농약을 사용하거나 검출되기도 하였으나 최근에는 사용하지도 않으며 검출되지도 않았다. 골프장의 농약사용의 실태를 파악하고 농약에 따른 환경피해를 예방하기 위해서 환경부에서는 2010년 초에 '골프장 농약 사용실태 관리시스템'(환경부 토양지하수정보시스템)을 개발하였다. 이 시스템을 통해 골프장에서의 농약사용 모니터링과 잔류 농약 검사에 관한 선진화된 관리체계를 구축하였다. 농약 잔류량 검사는 토양, 잔디 및 유출수 시료에 대해 실시하고 있고 검사시료는 골프장의 규모에 따라 결정할 수 있도록 정하였다. 우리나라는 골프장의 농약사용에 관련된 업무를 여러 부처에서 담당하다가 2009년부터 환경부로 일원화하여 추진하고 있으나 아직까지 법령과 행정규칙 등이 체계적으로 정비되지 않은 상태이다. 골프장에서의 농약사용과 관리 및 주변 생태계와 인간에 미치는 영향 등을 파악하기 위해서는 개별 골프장에 적합한 지역특이적 최적 관리방안(site-specific best management practices)이 우선적으로 마련되는 것이 바람직하며, 이는 위해서는 위해성평가의 도입이 우선적으로 이행되어야 할 것이다. 우리나라는 골프장의 농약사용 및 농약잔류량 검사, 환경오염피해에 대한 기초연구, 환경오염 저감기술 등 관련 인프라가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 향후 정부에서는 관련제도를 정비하고, 개선 발전시켜 골프장에 의한 환경피해를 최소화하여 골프장이 친환경적으로 운영될 수 있도록 지속적인 관심과 지원이 이루어져야 할 것이다.