• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the soft tissue thickness of male and female orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions. Methods: Soft tissue thickness measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 healthy orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions (Class I: 60 subjects, Class II: 60 subjects, Class III: 60 subjects). Ten measurements were analyzed. For statistical evaluation, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. Least significant difference (LSD) and Dunnet T3 post hoc tests were used to determine the individual differences. Results: Soft tissue thicknesses were found to be greater for men than for women. Statistically significant differences among the skeletal groups were found in both men and women at the following sites: labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius. The thickness at the labrale superius and stomion points in each skeletal type was the greatest in Class III for both men and women. On the other hand, at the labrale inferius point, for both men and women, soft tissue depth was the least in Class III and the greatest in Class II. Conclusions: Soft tissue thickness differences among skeletal malocclusions were observed at the labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius sites for both men and women.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.19 no.1 s.140
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• pp.67-71
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• 1981

This study was undertaken to find out the characteristic craniofacial morphology of Class II Division 2 malocclusions in children by means of roentgenocephalometry. The subjects consisted of twelve boys and thirteen girls with Class Ii, Division 2, thirty seven boys and fifty three girls with Class II, Division 1, and forty six boys and eighty one girls with normal occlusion, ranged from 10 years old to 18 years old. The following results were obtained; 1. The anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla to the cranium in the Class II, Division 2 malocclusion similar to the normal occlusion, but the mandible was the posterior position in th the cranial anatomy. 2. There were no significant differences in the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and the mandible between Class II, Division 1 and Class II, Division 2 malocclusions. 3. In Class II, Division 1 the axes of maxillary incisors showed labial inclination, but lingual inclination in Class II, Division 2 malocclusions. 4. Overbite was prominent one in Class II, Division 2, on the other hand overjet was distinguished in Class II, Division 1.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 1987

The study was designed to examinate the discrimination rate of 4 antero-posterior cephalometric measurements from Angle's malocclusion groups. The material was 246 cephalometric radiographs taken from 42 Normal occlusions, 83 Class I malocclusions, 64Class II Division I malocclusions, 57Class III malocclusions. ANB angle, APDI, AB/OP angle, and Wits appraisal as measurements of antero-posterior skeletal relationship were measured on the cephalometric radiographs and statistically analyzed by the Canonical Discriminant Function. The results of this study were as follows: 1. ANB angle, APDI, AB/OP angle, and Wits appraisal were clinically useful measurements for the evaluation of the antero-posterior skeletal relationship. 2. The rates that discriminate actual malocclusion groups were $77.45\%$ in Wits appraisal, $74.02\%$ in AB/OP angle, $71.08\%$ in ANB angle, and $70.59\%$ in APDI. 3. The discrimination rate of actual Class III malocclusion show above $93\%$, but actual Class I and Class II division I malocclusions were relatively low.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term changes in the pharyngeal airway dimensions after functional appliance treatment in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions. Methods: Pharyngeal airway dimensions were compared between subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusions (n = 24; mean age: $11.6{\pm}1.29$ years) treated with a Class II bionator and age-matched control subjects with skeletal Class I occlusions (n = 24; mean age: $11.0{\pm}1.21$ years) using a series of lateral cephalograms obtained at the initial visit (T0), after treatment (T1), and at the completion of growth (T2). Results: The length of the nasopharyngeal region was similar between adolescents with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions at all time points, while the lengths of the upper and lower oropharyngeal regions and the pharyngeal airway areas were significantly smaller in the skeletal Class II adolescents before treatment when compared to the control adolescents (p < 0.05). However, following treatment with a functional appliance, the skeletal Class II adolescents had increased pharyngeal airway dimensions, which became similar to those of the control subjects. Conclusions: Functional appliance therapy can increase the pharyngeal airway dimensions in growing adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions, and this effect is maintained until the completion of growth.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess condylar size in volumetric 3D imaging in patients with class I, class II, class III malocclusions. To evaluate the differences among the three experimental groups, the condylar values of men were analyzed. There was a significant difference in the measured values of height. Among the three experimental groups, the condylar measurements in women showed significant differences in height and width. This study is expected to be used for determining the connection between malocclusion and condyle as a base line data.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.271-278
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• 2013

Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the accuracy of crown and root length measurements of premolars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to generate reference CBCT-based data on incisor, canine, and premolar lengths in patients with malocclusions. Methods: Imaging was performed using a CBCT scanner with a 0.292-mm voxel size and 12-bit grayscale. The CBCT-based length measurements were compared with direct measurements of 94 subsequently extracted premolars without metal restorations using the paired t-test. Furthermore, the crown and root lengths of incisors, canines, and premolars in 62 Korean patients with malocclusions were measured using CBCT, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationship between the crown and root length measurements of each tooth type. Results: The differences between the CBCT-based and direct measurements of the extracted premolars were not significant, with 95% limits of agreement of -0.90 to 0.90 mm for crown length and -1.23 to 1.18 mm for root length. Weak positive correlations between the crown and root length measurements were observed for the mandibular canine and premolars. Conclusions: The CBCT-based measurements showed a wider range of limits of agreements for root length than for crown length. The CBCT-based data can be used as a reference for evaluating root length and resorption of teeth without metal restorations in patients with malocclusions.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.172-184
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• 1999

The present study was performed to identify morphologic sub-groupings in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, and to find out anatomic differences between the sub-groups. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 152 Korean children, aged between 6 and 12 years, with Class I malocclusions were analyzed by the Counterpart Analysis. A statistical method, Ward's Minimum Variance Cluster Analysis, was employed to divide the sample into sub-groups those with similar morphologic characteristics. The results were as follows; 1. There appeared two facial types, Type I and Type II, in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, 48.7% and 51.3%, respectively. 2. In both sub-groups, there existed strong Class III skeletal patterns due to a counterclockwise rotation of the Middle Cranial Fossa alignment, and strong Class II skeletal patterns due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension and a clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment. 3. There were no significant differences in Upper Anterior Facial Height between Type I and Type II, $52.6{\pm}2.92mm\;and\;52.8{\pm}3.23mm$, respectively. 4. The Lower Anterior Facial Height in Type II was longer ($66.0{\pm}4.03mm$) due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension, the clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment, and a clockwise rotation of the Mandibular plane alignment than that of Type I ($64.2{\pm}4.15mm$).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelationships between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and the hand-and-wrist in skeletal Class III malocclusions. In 185 skeletal Class III malocclusions (male 62, female 123) having the lateral cephalogram and hand-wrist radiogram which were taken on the same day, 6 skeletal maturity stages of cervical vertebrae were compared with 11 skeletal maturity indicators of the hand-and-wrist. On the basis of findings of this study, the following results were obtained: 1. The stages of cervical vertebral maturity are one of the methods possible to assess the individual maturity. 2. Mean ages of male and female were obtained in each cervical vertebral stage. 3. Cervical vertebral stages 1 and 2 are considered to the accelerative growth phase, cervical vertebral stages 3 and 4 are corresponded to the peak height velocity, and cervical vertebral stages 5 and 6 were observed to occur during the decelerative phase of growth after peak height velocity in both sexes. 4. In cervical vertebral stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae in males were more retarded than females. 5. There was the high correlation between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and hand-and-wrist.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 1990

The work was undertaken to evaluate the calcification of the second and the third molars in skeletal Class II and III malocclusions. The differences in the calcification stages between skeletal Class II and III malocclusion were evaluated and statistically analysed from panoramic radiographs of 202 males and females ranging in age from 11 to 15 years old. The results were as follows, 1. The calcification stages of the second and the third molars were not different between the skeletal Class II and III malocclusions in each age groups of both sexes. 2. The calcification stages of lower second and third molars of the skeletal Class III malocclusion are more advanced than those of the skeletal Class II malocclusion in male. 3. The clacification stages of upper second and third molars are more advanced than those of lower second and third molars in skeletal Class II malocclusion. 4. The calcification stages of lower second and third molars are more advanced than those of upper second and third molars in skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-62
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• 1983

To recognize the problems in malocclusion by roentgenocephalograms, the author designed a new pentagonal frame based on maxillary and mandibular bones. The subjects consisted of 44 normal occlusions (20 male and 24 female), 44 Class II division 1 malocclusions (15 male and 29 female) and 67 Class III malocclusions (31 male and 36 female). The results are as follows; 1. In normal group, the maxillary and mandibular skeletons of female we placed more closely to FH plane, so more anteriorly and upward than those of male. 2. In normal group, the posterior vertical height is longer in male than in female and the upper anterior teeth of female are in more labioversion than those of male. 3. By the X, Y coordinate values in pentagonal frame, it is helpful to recognize certain problems in malocclusions. 4. The posterior vertical height is a good indicator in detecting Angle's Class III malocclusion. 5. The maxillary and mandibular body length, the anterior point of maxillary and mandibular body length and the axial inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth can be useful in discerning Angle's Class II & Class III malocclusion.