• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2009

This paper describes a pattern recognition method of Magnoliae flos based on a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of the essential oil components. The botanical drug is mainly comprised of the four magnolia species (M. denudata, M. biondii, M. kobus, and M. liliflora) in Korea, although some other species are also being dealt with the drug. The GC/MS separation of the volatile components, which was extracted by the simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), was performed on a carbowax column (supelcowax 10; 30 m{\time}0.25 mm{\time}0.25{\mu}m$) using temperature programming. Variance in the retention times for all peaks of interests was within RSD 2% for repeated analyses (n = 9). Of the 74 essential oil components identified from the magnolia species, approximately 10 major components, which is $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, d-limonene, eucarlyptol (1,8-cineol), $\gamma$-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, $\alpha$-terpineol, were commonly present in the four species. For statistical analysis, the original dataset was reduced to the 13 variables by Fisher criterion and factor analysis (FA). The essential oil patterns were processed by means of the multivariate statistical analysis including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). All samples were divided into four groups with three principal components by PCA and according to the plant origins by HCA. Thirty-three samples (23 training sets and 10 test samples to be assessed) were correctly classified into the four groups predicted by PCA. This method would provide a practical strategy for assessing the authenticity or quality of the well-known herbal drug, Magnoliae flos.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1971

In order to see a possible strengthening of much injection of synthetic resin into timber by way of electric osmosis, Authors examined the change of the bending strength of the sample timber piece after being injected. 1. Three kinds of sample tree species, Pinus rigida, Magnolia and Populus were used and the size of the sample timber pieces was $30mm{\times}30mm{\times}330mm$. 2. Each of the electric osmosis was made with 250V of D. C. voltage and $0.01A/cm^2$ of the current for 2 hours and the experimenter hardened the injected resin by putting the sample in an oven of $120^{\circ}{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ temperature for 24 hours. 3. The size of the test sample piece for bending strength measurement was $20mm{\times}20mm{\times}320mm$ and Amsler type universal timber test machine was used for the measurement. 4. The strength difference between treated and untreated samples was as follows. Pinus rigida high sig. Magnolia None Sig. Populus Sig.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 1989

Seedlings of 6 tree species were treated with artificial acid rain and acid mist (pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0) and ground water (pH 6.5), to select $SO_2$-resistant tree species. The growth variable, leaf injury rate and chlorophyll content were measured and compared among the various pH levels. Seedling height of Rosy multiflora decreased with deceasing pH levels of artificial acid rain and was tallest at control plot, but that of Ailanthus altissima was tallest at pH 5.0 plot. For the seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Magnolia obovata and Wistaria floribunda, top and root dry weights per seedling at pH 5.0 plot were higher than those at control plot. Leaf injury rate(injured leaf area and injured leaf rate) increased with decreasing pH levels of artificial acid rain, the changes of leaf chlorophyll content was slightly different among tree species. Leaf chlorophyll content of Rosa multiflora, measured during the period July to September, decreased with decreasing pH levels of artificial acid rain. Leaf chlorophyll content of Magnolia obovata increased on July, but decreased severely on September, with decreasing pH levels, of artificial acid rain.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2014

Contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and catechins, and antioxidant activity were investigated in the ethanol extracts of three different flower species, Magnolia denudata, Prunus mume, Carthamus tinctorius. Total phenolics were more present in M. denudata than P. mume or C. tinctorius, ranging from 72.6 to 118.0 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Total flavonoids level had same tendency to total phenolics content, showing highest amount (25.1 mg/kg) in M. denudata. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the flowers dose-dependently increased. DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 250 mg/kgwas higher in M. denudata and P. mume by 93.0 and 92.6%, respectively, than C. tinctorius by 23.0% (p < 0.05). Total catechins content including 6 compounds was higher in M. denudate (9,425.5 mg/kg) than that in P. mume or C. tinctorius (3,407.8 or 190.6 mg/kg). However, P. mume extracts showed highest amount in caffeine as well as vitamine C. DPPH radical scavenging activity in three different flowers was highly correlated with contents of total phenolics ($r^2=0.7994$), total flavonoids ($r^2=0.9131$), and total catechins ($r^2=0.5929$), and their content and activities were different depending on species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.74-88
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• 2021

In the present study, the characteristics and changes in the vegetation of Mt. Cheongryang, Inchon, were examined to identify and determine appropriate ways to restore the health of the urban forest and to preserve its vegetation. The vegetation of the community of Quercus mongolica (Mongolian oak) on Mt. Cheongryang appeared to decrease in response to the control of the wilt disease of oak trees. The communities of Sorbus alnifolia (Korean mountain ash) and Styrax japonicus (Snowbell tree) have increased. Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine) had its overall territory decrease, but the current state of the Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine) was estimated to be stable due to its dominance as a tree layer species. In regards to Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust), the urbanized species of Sorbus alnifolia (Korean mountain ash), and Styrax japonicus (Snowbell tree), their areas have increased with the appearance of Magnolia obovate (Whiteleaf Japanese Magnolia). The biodiversity of Mt. Cheongryang has decreased by simplifying species in the tree layer and understory species thereof, and the initial success of species in marginal areas has increased. The absence of potential succession was attributed to the termination of ecological succession; thereby, the current vegetation structure was concluded to be remaining as it is for the time being. Soil texture in the mountain primarily consisted of sandy loam or loamy sand; the pH of the soil was in the range 4.26-4.86, rendering a mean pH of 4.59. The content of organic matter (O.M.) appeared having a distributing range of 2.18-9.60%, rendering a mean value of 4.33%. To promote species diversity, several methods are suggested, such as prevention of soil acidification, selecting nationally-grown trees from moist soil or valleys for afforestation, preventing species appearing due to urbanization or excessive growth, protecting the understory vegetation and species with hygropreference, and managing the forest to maintain a multi-layered vegetation structure.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2000

In order to discover novel potent antitumor agents, methanolic extracts of approximately 180 herbal medicines were prepared and primarily evaluated for cytotoxic activity in cultured human lung (A549) and colon (Col 2) cancer cells. As a result, 17 natural product extracts were found to be active in the criteria of $IC_{50}$<$20\;{\mu}g/ml$. Especially, the extracts of Aristolochia debilis, Cynanchum ascyrifolium, Cynanchum paniculatum, Daphne genkwa, Euphorbia lathyris, Ipomoea hederacea, Magnolia officinalis, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Solanum nigrum, Thuja orientalis, and Trichosanthes kirilowii showed a strong cytotoxic potential. The flower extract of Daphne genkwa was more selective cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cells $(IC_{50};\;0.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$ compared to colon cancer cells $(IC_{50}>20\;{\mu}g/ml)$. In addition, based on the cytotoxic potential of the root extract of Cynanchum paniculatum, the further fractionation of methylene chloride partition with silica gel column chromatography was performed. Several subfractions were considered to be active, and thus indicating that further studies for the identification of active principles from these fractions might be warranted.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2010

Costunolide is an active compound isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia sieboldii, and is considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of various cancers. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism whereby costunolide induces the apoptosis of human leukemia cells. Using apoptosis analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results obtained during this study show that costunolide is a potent inducer of apoptosis and that it is triggered due to the premature activation of Cdc2. $G_1$-synchronized cells, which cannot undergo mitosis, were found to be more sensitive to costunolide, and Cdc2 mRNA levels were increased by costunolide treatment. Furthermore, the Cdk inhibitors, olomucine and butyrolactone I, were found to suppress costunolide-induced apoptosis. In addition, the PKC activator TPA rescued cells from cell death by costunolide, and this was prevented by the PKC inhibitor staurosporin. The present study suggests that costunolide induces the apoptosis of HL-60 leukemic cells by modulating cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.295-299
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• 2011

The content of hesperidin in the mixed tea, which was composed of dried orange peel, laurel leaf, mulberry leaf, silver magnolia leaf, oriental melon tap, cassia seed, and licorice root, was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hesperidin was quantified by a reverse phase column with gradient solvent system (watcr:acetonitrile = 80:20 to 35:65 for 30 min) and UV/VIS detection (280 nm). The How rate was kept constant at 1.0 ml/min. The content of hesperidin in the mixed tea was measured in depending on extraction time 1, 2, 3, and 4 min (29.07, 52.39, 52.45, and 88.35 mg/g, respectively).

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2013

Honokiol, a naturally occurring neolignan mainly found in Magnolia species, has exhibited a potential anti-proliferative activity in human cancer cells. However, the growth inhibitory activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms has been poorly determined. The present study was designed to examine the anti-proliferative effect of honokiol in SK-HEP-1 human hepatocellular cancer cells. Honokiol exerted anti-proliferative activity with cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and sequential induction of apoptotic cell death. The cell-cycle arrest was well correlated with the down-regulation of checkpoint proteins including cyclin D1, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK4, PCNA, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), and c-Myc. The increase of sub-G1 peak by the higher concentration of honokiol ($75{\mu}M$) was closely related to the induction of apoptosis, which was evidenced by decreased expression of Bcl-2, Bid, and caspase-9. Hohokiol was also found to attenuate the activation of signaling proteins in the Akt/mTOR and ERK pathways. These findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effect of honokiol was associated in part with the induction of cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and dow-nregulation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in human hepatocellular cancer cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 1995

The development of medicinal plants for cut plants and landscape plants were conducted through the literiture survey. The results were as follows: We selected 38 species of medicinal plants including 7 medicinal woody plants for cut plant and landscape plants from 450 medicinal plants. There were 8 species of Compositae, 4 species Ranunculaceae, 3 species Rosaceae and Umbelliferae, 2 species Polygonaceae and Campanulaceae respectively. The anthesis of Cornus officinalis, Magnolia denudata, Forsythia koreana of medicinal woody plants flowering before leaf spreading come to early than the anthesis of other medicinal plants. There were 4 species(11%) over 10cm of the flower diameter, 6 species(16%) over 5cm below 10cm, 19 species(50%) over 1cm below 5cm and 9 species(24%) 1cm below. In terms of flower color, 11 species(29%) were white, 9 species(24%) yellow, 6 pecies(16%) red, 5 species(13%) violet and 3 species(8%) were blue aided violet. In terms of the flowering by month, 12 species(32%) on July, 9 species(24%) on May, 6 species(16%) on June and August respectively, and 3 species(8%) on March. The most medicinal plants were propagated by division and seeding easily, but woody medicinal plants of 7 species of this study were propagated by cutting and grafting easily. The percentage of usage of parts of medicinal plants including woody medicinal plants was that roots were 20 species(53%), flowers 6 species(16%), fruits and all part of medicinal plants were 4 species(11%), and seeds and stem including leaves 2 species(5%) respectively.