• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2022

Lipids are one of the major macronutrients essential for adequate growth and maintenance of human health. Their structure is not only complex but also diverse, which makes systematic and holistic analyses challenging; consequently, little is known regarding the relationship between phenotype and mechanism of action. In recent years, rapid advancements have been made in the fields of lipidomics and bioinformatics. In comparison with traditional approaches, mass spectrometry-based lipidomics can rapidly identify as well as quantify >1,000 lipid species at the same time, facilitating comprehensive, robust analyses of lipids in tissues, cells, and body fluids. Accordingly, lipidomics is now being widely applied in various fields, particularly food and nutrition science. In this review, we discuss lipid classification, extraction techniques, and detection and analysis using lipidomics. We also cover how lipidomics is being used to assess food obtained from livestock and poultry. The information included herein should serve as a reference to determine how to characterize lipids in animal food samples, enhancing our understanding of the application of lipidomics in the field in animal husbandry.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.789-800
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed in Korea for breast cancer survivors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Ninety-nine breast cancer survivors who completed an FFQ twice and three 3-day dietary records (DRs) between 2016-2017 were included. Energy and 14 nutrient intakes were calculated from FFQs and DRs. To determine the validity of the FFQ, energy-adjusted de-attenuated Pearson correlations between two FFQ assessments and the average of the three 3-day DRs were calculated, and to determine reproducibility, energy-adjusted Pearson correlations and degrees of agreement were calculated between the first and second FFQ assessments. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients of validity ranged from 0.29 (protein) to 0.47 (fat) (median value = 0.36) for the FFQ assessment and from 0.20 (riboflavin) to 0.53 (calcium) (median value = 0.37) for the second. Correlation coefficients of reproducibility ranged from 0.22 (sodium) to 0.62 (carbohydrate) (median value = 0.36). Regarding FFQ reproducibilities, percentage classifications of exact agreements for energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 27.3% (sodium) and 45.5% (fat). A median 76.8% of participants were classified into the same or adjacent quartiles, while a median of 5.6% of participants were classified in extreme quartiles. Bland-Atman plots for the majority of data points of three macronutrients, calcium and vitamins A and C fell within limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the newly developed FFQ for Korean breast cancer survivors has acceptable validity and reproducibility as compared with three 3-day DRs collected over a one-year period.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

Previous studies have frequently reviewed how different macronutrients affect liver health. Still, no study centered around protein intake and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk relationship. This study aimed to examine the association between the consumption of total and different sources of protein and NAFLD risk. We allocated 243 eligible subjects to the case and control groups, including 121 incidence cases of NAFLD, and 122 healthy controls. Two groups were matched in age, body mass index, and sex. We evaluated the usual food intake of participants using FFQ. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of NAFLD in relation to different sources of protein intake. The age of participants was 42.7 years on average, and 53.1% were male. We found Higher intake of protein in total (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.52) was significantly associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, despite adjusting for multiple confounders. in detail, higher tendency to the vegetables (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.13-0.59), grains (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11-0.52), and nuts (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.52) as the main sources of protein, were remarkably correlated with lower NAFLD risk. In contrary, increased intake of meat protein (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.46-6.81) was positively associated with a higher risk. Totally, more calorie intake from proteins was inversely associated with lower NAFLD risk. This was more likely when the protein sources were selected less from meats and more from plants. Accordingly, increasing the consumption of proteins, particularly from plants, may be a good recommendation to manage and prevent NAFLD.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2007

인간과 가축에서 발생된 내분비계 장애물질들이 자연계로 유입되고, 매우 낮은 농도에서도 토착 동물군에 교란 작용을 유발시킬 수 있다는 잠재적 오염 가능성에 대한 우려가 증가되고 있다. 그러나 현재까지 가축분뇨 중의 내분비계 장애물질에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 장애물질 중 여성 호르몬으로 알려진 17베타-에스트 라디올, 에스트론, 에스트리올을 분석하여 분뇨 중 에스트로젠 농도에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 공시시료는 생물생태센터의 분뇨 저장조, 메탄 소화조, 오니 제거조에서 수집하여 가스크로마토그래피 질량분석기를 이용하여 에스트로젠 농도를 분석하였다. 또한 에스트로젠 대 비료성분 질량비를 알아보기 위해 질소와 인산도 측정하였다. 분석 결과 가축분뇨 중에는 다량의 에스트로젠 호르몬이 존재하고 있었으며, 분뇨 저장조에서 98.7 ${\mu}g/L$로 가장 높은 농도를 보인 반면 오니 제거 소화액에서 가장 낮은 농도인 3.4 ${\mu}g/L$로 조사되었다. 분뇨 저장조에서 채취된 시료의 17베타-에스트라디올과 에스트론의 평균농도는 6.8 ${\mu}g/L$와 68.7 ${\mu}g/L$였고, 오니 제거조는 각각 2.6 ${\mu}g/L$ 및 1.9 ${\mu}g/L$로 분석되었다. 반면 에스트리올은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구 조사는 가축분뇨내의 에스트로젠 농도에 대한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있으나 에스트로젠 호르몬의 저감 방안에 대한 기작을 설명하기에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 축종별로 적용되고 있는 분뇨관리 및 축사시설에 대해 시공간적 변이를 고려할 수 있는 광범위한 조사 연구와 더불어 여러가지 처리방법에 의해 농경지에 살포되고 있는 분뇨내의 에스트로젠 농도와 조성 및 생물학적 활성도에 대한 추가연구가 필요하다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.178-187
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• 1982

초지개발이 유망시되는 전국각지의 미개간(未開墾) 산지토양(山地土壤)의 표토(表土)를 채취(採取)하여 다량(多量) 요소(要素)의 음(陰)이온총량(総量) : 양(陽)이온총량(総量)(${\Sigma}$ Anion: ${\Sigma}$ Cation) 적정시비비율(適正施肥比率)과 적정총시비량(適正総施肥量)(${\Sigma}$ion)결정(決定)을 위한 Pot시험(試驗)을 수원(水原)에서 수행(遂行)한 결과(結果)는, 1. 제주등 5개지역(個地域)의 토양(土壤)에 대한 혼파목초재배시(混播牧草栽培市) 각토양(各土壤) 및 초종별(草種別) 다수획(多收獲)을 얻기 위한 당량비기준의 음(陰)과 양(陽)이온 총량간(総量間)의 적정(適正) 시비비율(施肥比率)과 적정총시비량(適正総施肥量)이 계산(計算)되었다(표(表)6,7) 2. 혼파재배(混播栽培)에서 화본과목초(禾本科牧草)는 음(陰)이온총량(総量), 두과목초(荳科牧草)는 양(陽)이온총량(総量) 비율(比率)이 높을수록 이들의 수량(收量)과 식생구성비율(植生構成比率)이 증가(增加)하였다. 적정(適正) 음(陰)과 양(陽)이온총량(総量) 비율(比率)은 화본과목초(禾本科牧草)에서는 음(陰)이온총량(総量)이 두과목초(荳科牧草)에서는 양(陽)이온총량비율(総量比率)이 각각(各各) 타(他)이온총량비율(総量比率)보다 훨씬 높을 때였다. 3. 두과목초(荳科牧草)의 수량제고(收量提高)를 위(爲)한 적정총시비량(適正総施肥量)은 음(陰)과 양(陽)이온총량비율(総量比率)에 따라 달렀다. 양(陽)이온총량비율(総量比率)이 높아질수록 적정총(適正総)이온농도(濃度)(총시비량(総施肥量))는 증가(增加)하였고 이의 역(逆)도 성립(成立)하였다. 4. 화본과목초(禾本科牧草) 및 총수량(総收量)(화본과(禾本科)+두과(荳科))에 미치는 음(陰)과 양(陽)이온총량(総量)의 각(各) 효율(效率)은 이들의 비율(比率)이 낮을때 그리고 총(総)이온농도(濃度)가 낮을때 제일(第一) 높았다. 5. 두과목초수량(荳科牧草收量)에 미치는 음(陰)이온총량효율은 대구토양(大邱土壤)을 제외(除外)하고는 화본과목초(禾本科牧草)와 같은 경향(傾向)이였고, 양(陽)이온총량효율은 총(総)이온농도(濃度)와 토양종류(土壤種類)에 따라 달랐으나 보편적(普遍的)으로 양(陽)이온총량비율(総量比率)이 높아질수록 본효율도 높아졌다. 6. 각(各) 구성초종(構成草種)의 수량(收量), 식생비율(植生比率)은 음(陰)과 양(陽)이온총량비율(総量比率), 총(総)이온농도(濃度)와 이들의 상호작용(相互作用)에 크게 영향(影響)을 받았고, 화본과(禾本科)와 두과목초(荳科牧草)는 서로 상반적영향(相反的影響)을 받았다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2020

본 연구는 양액 내 존재하는 다량 영양소의 농도를 실시간으로 측정하기 위해 이온 선택 전극 (ISE) 으로 구성된 임베디드 시스템의 개발을 보여준다. NO₃, K 및 Ca 이온을 감지하기위한 PVC ISE, H₂PO₄를 감지하기위한 코발트 전극, 기준 전극, 샘플 용액이 담기는 챔버, 펌프 및 밸브를 사용하여 측정하는 시스템으로 구성된다. 양액 샘플양 조절과 데이터 수집을 위해서 데이터 Due 보드가 사용되었고, 각각의 샘플 측정 전에, 측정 중 발생하는 드리프트를 최소화시키기 위해 2 점 정규화 방법을 사용하였다. PVC 멤브레인을 기반으로 한 NO₃ 및 K 전극의 농도 예측 성능은 표준 분석기의 결과와 근접한 일치 (R² = 0.99) 나타내며 만족스러운 결과를 나타냈다. 하지만, Ca II 이온 투과체 제조된 Ca 전극은 고농도 양액 농도에서 Ca 농도를 55 %로 낮게 측정하였다. 코발트 전극 기반 인산 측정은 반복측정 중에 발생한 코발트 전극의 불안정한 신호로 인해 표준 방법과 비교하여 45 ~ 155 mg / L의 인산 농도 범위에서 24.7 ± 9.26 %의 비교적 높은 오차를 나타냈다. 수경 P 감지의 예측 능력을 향상시키기 위해 코발트 전극의 신호 컨디셔닝에 대한 추가 연구가 필요함으로 판단된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out the effect of dietary intake on cognitive function retardation in old age using dietary survey and cognitive function test. The subjects were 332 men of 50-94 years old and their activities of daily living were very similar. The cognitive function was tested by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)-K which was translated from MMSE, and the 24-hour recall method was used for dietary survey. Scoring of MMSE-K was a little different from MMSE, that is, in case of no education, one to four points were added to exclude the effect of education which has been considered as a confounder by many researchers. The number of subjects belonging to below 23 of MMSE-K score was increased by increasing age. Even though points were added in case of no education, the ratio of below 23 MMSE-K score group was diminished by increasing education. Therefore, education seems not to be a confounder but a independent variable on cognitive function. Income, past occupation, family type, self-evaluated health status did not play any effect on cognitive function significantly. On the other hand, the correlation between each nutrients and the score of cognitive function test showed that the more consumption of vitamin A and protein, the higher cognitive function score was obtained. In case of iron and Ca, even though it was not statistically significant, there was a tendency of increasing cognitive function score by increasing the intake of those nutrients. This study suggests that micronutrient intakes might be more related to cognitive function than macronutrients.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1090-1097
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• 2000

본 연구는 여대생들을 대상으로 1997년 9월 22일부터 10월 12일까지의 3주간에 거친 식사기록을 통해 긴 기간 동안의 열량, 열량영양소 섭취량 및 열량 영양소 구성비와 신체계측치, 인슐린, 혈청지질과의 관련성을 살펴보고자 실시하였다. 섭취열량 및 열량영양소 섭취량과 가장 빈번하게 상관성을 보인 신체 계측치는 허리둘레였는 데 허리둘레는 평균 열량, 탄수화물, 단백질 섭취량과 각각 유의한 정상관관계를 보였으나 열량 영양소 구성비와는 상관이 없었다. 이에 비해 BMI는 평균탄수화물 구성비와는 상관이 없었다. 이에 반해 BMI는 평균 탄수화물 구성비와 유의한 정상관계를 보였으나, 체중, BMI, 체지방비, 체지방량과 열량 및 열량영양소 섭취량과는 서로 상관이 없었다. 또 인슐린은 평균 섭취열량 및 단백질 섭취량과 각각 정상관관계를 보였지만 3대 열량영양소 구성비와는 상관이 없었다. 혈청 중성지방은 평균 지방 섭취량 및 지방 구성비와 역상관을 보여 지방섭취와 가장 관련이 있는 변인임을 알 수 있었다. 또 HDL-cholesterol은 평균 단백질 섭취비와 정상관계를 보여 단백질 섭취비와 가장 관련이 있는 변이임을 알 수 있었다. 정상체중의 여대생을 대상으로 3주간의 식사기록을 통해 식사 중의 열량, 3대 열량영양소 섭취량 및 그 구성비와 신체적 생화학적 변인과의 관련성을 살펴본 결과, 신체계측치 중 열량 및 열량영양소 섭취량과 가장 빈번하게 상관성을 보인 신체계측치는 허리둘레였고, 생화학적 변인으로는 인슐인이었지만 구 변이 모두 열량영양소 구성비와 가장 관련이 있는 변이는 BMI였고, 혈청 중성지방은 지방 섭취량 및 지방구성비와 상관이 있었으며, HDL-cholesterol은 단백질 섭취비와 관련이 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.463-474
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• 2010

The nutrient intake and association between dish group intake and blood glucose and serum lipid level (TG, cholesterol, LDL and HDL) was analyzed among 3 groups: 452 subjects in normal blood glucose group (NG: fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose < 140 mg/dL), 258 subjects in impaired fasting glucose group (IFG: fasting blood glucose 100~125 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ${\geq}$ 140 mg/dL) and 101 subjects in diabetic group (DG: fasting blood glucose $\geq$ 126 mg/dL and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose ${\geq}$ 140 mg/dL). The data were obtained from the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey of Korea. The 811 subjects were adults aged 40~64 without dietary treatment. In nutrients intake, IFG was the highest and DG the lowest in both quantity and quality. DG, especially, had the lowest intake in carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, Ca, P, K, vitamins B1 and C, and consumed the highest amount of alcohol. In macronutrients distribution ratio, the DG diet showed a lower energy intake from carbohydrates but higher from fat than the NG diet, while IFG showed a higher energy intake from carbohydrates and lower intake from fat in supper out of 3 meals and snacks. IFG preferred salt-fermented foods and DG preferred soups, braised foods and kimchi compared to other groups. NG preferred multi-grain cooked rice and both IFG and DG preferred plain white cooked rice. Regarding the association between dish group intake and blood glucose, cooked rice, soups, salt-fermented foods and kimchi were significantly related to blood glucose. In blood lipids, steamed-foods, beverages and fruits were inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, whereas cooked rice, stews, saltfer-mented foods, seasoned-fermented foods and seasoned vegetables were directly proportional to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and related diseases. Therefore, it is beneficial to avoid rich, salty and fatty foods and heavy alcohol consumption for controlling blood glucose and blood lipids, while steamed foods, foods rich in fiber (like multigrain rice) as a staple, and fruits and teas are recommended for preventing or managing type 2 diabetes risks.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2013

The most critical point in the assessment of adherence to dietary guidelines is the development of a practical definition for adherence, such as a dietary pattern score. The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean Diet Score (KDS) based on the Korean Food Balance Wheel and to examine the association of KDS with various lifestyle characteristics and biochemical factors. The dietary data of 5,320 subjects from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were used for the final analysis. The food guide was composed of six food group categories; 'grain dishes', 'fish and meat dishes', 'vegetable dishes', 'fruits', 'milk' and 'oils and sugars'. Based on the recommended serving numbers for each group, the scores measuring adherence to this food guide were calculated from the dietary information from the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire, and then its correlation with various characteristics was assessed. KDS was significantly associated with several clinical, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors as well as diagnosed disease history. The higher quintile group of KDS showed a significantly lower level in fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, current smoking and drinking as well as higher leisure time activity, house income and education. Furthermore, the KDS quintile group of women was inversely associated with hypertension, osteoporosis and diabetes. A higher KDS quintile was characterized with a higher intake of several critical nutrients, such as Ca, Fe and vitamins as well as a desirable nutrition balance such as the ratio of macronutrients. Our results demonstrate that KDS is a beneficial tool in assessing the adherence to a healthy diet based on the Korean dietary guidelines. We suggest that KDS could be a useful indicator for evaluating the dietary balance of the Korean population.