• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.4703-4723
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• 2018

In recent years, dense small cell network has been deployed to address the challenge that has resulted from the unprecendented growth of mobile data traffic and users. It has proven to be a cost efficeient solution to offload traffic from macro-cells. Software defined heterogeneous wireless network can decouple the control plane from the data plane. The control signal goes through the macro-cell while the data traffic can be offloaded by small cells. In this paper, we propose a framework for cell virtualization and user association in order to satisfy versatile requirements of multiple tenants. In the proposed framework, we propose an interference graph partioning based virtual-cell association and customized physical-cell association for multi-homed users in a software defined small cell network. The proposed user association scheme includes 3 steps: initialization, virtual-cell association and physical-cell association. Simulation results show that the proposed virtual-cell association outperforms the other schemes. For physical-cell association, the results on resource utilization and user fairness are examined for mobile users and infrastructure providers.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2018

In Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks, the transmit power control (TPC) mechanism consists of two parts: the open loop (OL) and closed loop. Most cellular networks consider OL/TPC because of its simple implementation and low operation cost. The analysis of OL/TPC parameters is essential for efficient resource management from the cellular operator's viewpoint. In this work, the impact of the OL/TPC parameters is investigated for homogeneous small cells and heterogeneous small-cell/macrocell network environments. A mathematical model is derived to compute the transmit power at the user equipment, the received power at the eNodeB, the interference in the network, and the received signal-to-interference ratio. Using the analytical platform, the effects of the OL/TPC parameters on the system performance in LTE networks are investigated. Numerical results show that, in order to achieve the best performance, it is appropriate to choose ${\alpha}_{small}=1$ and $P_{o-small}=-100dBm$ in a homogenous small-cell network. Further, the selections of ${\alpha}_{small}=1$ and $P_{o-small}=-100dBm$ in the small cells and ${\alpha}_{macro}=0.8$ and $P_{o-macro}=-100dBm$ in the macrocells seem to be suitable for heterogeneous network deployment.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Small-cells in heterogeneous networks are one of the important technologies to increase the coverage and capacity in 5G cellular networks. However, due to the randomly arranged small-cells, co-tier and cross-tier interference increase, deteriorating the system performance of the network. In order to manage the interference, some channel management methods use fractional frequency reuse(FFR) that divides the cell coverage into the inner region(IR) and outer region(OR) based on the distance from the macro base station(MBS). However, since it is impossible to properly measure the distance in the method with FFR, we propose a new interference aware FFR(IA-FFR) method to enhance the system performance. That is, the proposed IA-FFR method divides the MUEs and SBSs into the IR and OR groups based on the signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR) of macro user equipments(MUEs) and received signals strength of small-cell base stations(SBSs) from the MBS, respectively, and then dynamically assigns subchannels to MUEs and small-cell user equipments. As a result, the proposed IA-FFR method outperforms other methods in terms of the system capacity and outage probability.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2006

A dermal sarcoma was found in a freshwater, soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. The neoplasm consisted of proliferating fibrous tissue and extended from the dermis. The overlying epidermis was hyperplastic and partially folded. The deeper dermis and hypodermis contained three large, discrete necrotic foci of -10 mm diameter. Numerous eosinophilic granule cells and macro phages surrounded the necrotic areas. A mixed population of cells with nuclear pleomorphism was observed between the papillary layers of vessels. This area also had regions of different histological structures: (l) regularly arranged, spindle-shaped cells with compact nuclei in a fine-fibrillar matrix; (2) haphazardly arranged cells ($\leq$ 23 11m diameter) with ovoid, highly hypertrophic, faintly stained nuclei; and (3) cells (3.6-5.8 11m diameter) with irregularly shaped nuclei and marginal condensed chromatin in a myxomatous matrix. Some mitotic figures, binucleate cells, and multinucleate giant cells of up to 50 11m in length were also found. Flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained cells yielded different histograms for the normal skin and the skin (primarily epidermis) and fibrous dermis of the tumor, indicating DNA heterogeneity in the dermal portion of the tumor. The ploidy indices for the dermal cells were 1.91 and 0.78, as compared to normal cells.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.1685-1690
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• 2006

미래의 이동통신 시스템은 제 한된 무선 자원 조전 하에 고품질의 멀티미디어 서비스를 제공하기 위해 계층 셀 시스템으로 동작해야한다. 본 논문에서는 매크로, 마이크로, 피코 셀이 공존하는 계층 CDMA 셀를라 시스템에 적용된 호 수락 제어 방식을 연구하였다. 제안된 호 수락 제어 알고리즘을 사용하였을 경우 호 수락 제어를 하지 않는 경우에 비해 시스템 용량이 20% 정도 향상됨을 알 수 있다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2007

This work presents a low-voltage static random access memory (SRAM) technique based on a dual-boosted cell array. For each read/write cycle, the wordline and cell power node of selected SRAM cells are boosted into two different voltage levels. This technique enhances the read static noise margin to a sufficient level without an increase in cell size. It also improves the SRAM circuit speed due to an increase in the cell read-out current. A 0.18 ${\mu}m$ CMOS 256-kbit SRAM macro is fabricated with the proposed technique, which demonstrates 0.8 V operation with 50 MHz while consuming 65 ${\mu}W$/MHz. It also demonstrates an 87% bit error rate reduction while operating with a 43% higher clock frequency compared with that of conventional SRAM.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2007

SRAM의 전체적인 성능은 공급 전원전압에 크게 영향을 받는다. 본 논문에서는 1-V 이하의 저전압 동작시 주요 이슈가 되는 SRAM 셀의 SNM(Static Noise Margin)과 셀 전류의 크기를 개선하기 위하여 이중 승압 셀 바이어스 기법을 이용한 SRAM 설계기법에 대해 기술하였다. 제안한 설계기법은 읽기 및 쓰기동작시 선택된 SRAM 셀의 워드라인과 load PMOS 트랜지스터의 소스에 연결된 셀 공급전원을 서로 다른 레벨로 동시에 승압함으로써 SRAM 셀의 SNM과 셀 전류를 증가시킨다. 이는 셀 면적의 증가 없이 충분한 SNM을 확보할 수 있으며, 아울러 증가된 셀 전류에 의해 동작속도가 개선되는 장점이 있다. $0.18-{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 적용한 0.8-V, 32K-byte SRAM macro 설계를 통해 제안한 설계기법을 검증하였고, 시뮬레이션 결과 0.8-V 공급전원에서 종래의 셀 바이어스 기법 대비 135 %의 SNM 향상과 아울러 동작속도는 31 % 개선되었으며, 이로인한 32K-byte SRAM은 23 ns의 access time, $125\;{\mu}W/Hz$의 전력소모 특성을 보였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2018

모바일 트래픽은 계속해서 폭발적으로 증가하고 있으며 이동통신 사업자들은 기지국의 추가 설치만으로 계속해서 증가하는 모바일 트래픽 요구량을 충족하는 것이 점점 어려워지고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해 기존의 매크로 셀에 펨토셀과 같은 스몰 셀을 설치하여 공간 및 주파수의 재사용이 가능한 이기종 네트워크(Heterogeneous network) 개념이 도입되었다. 그러나 펨토 소유자의 협력 없이는 기존의 매크로셀 사용자가 펨토셀에 연결되어 전체 네트워크의 효율성을 증대시키기 어렵다. 펨토 소유자도 적절한 인센티브(incentive)를 받지 않고는 다른 단말들을 자신의 펨토 기지국에 수용할 필요성을 느끼지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 단말을 펨토 셀에 추가하기 위하여 펨토 소유자에 제시할 최적의 인센티브를 도출하는 방법을 제시한다. 단말의 전송률을 바탕으로 이득함수를 구성하였으며 네트워크 전체의 이득함수를 최대화 할 수 있는 인센티브를 계산한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.1124-1127
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• 1999

12종의 암 조직을 분석한 결과 지용성 아미노산인 트립토판이 대조군에 비해서 8배나 많았고 황과 인 및 철은 $80{\sim}1,400$배나 많았으며 구리와 아연은 아주 적게 들어 있었다. 이들 영양성분들이 암 조직 단백질의 거대화와 비정상적인 조직증식에 관여할 가능성이 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국레이저가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국레이저가공학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.46-47
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• 2006

This study is about the spectroscopic characterization of abnormal cells in a macro to micro approach. In the first step a commercial UV-Vis apparatus is used, which is ultimately altered to the limits to decrease detection volume. In the ultimate stage an infrared femtosecond laser setup is used to measure on individual cells.