• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.687-694
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• 2012

Objective: This study aims to survey the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders(MSD) among Korean hospital workers and to analyze the relationship of MSD symptoms and workload perceived by workers. Background: Despite of high exposure to the MSD risk factors and high MSD symptom prevalence among health care workers, there were not enough studies of MSD prevalence among the hospital workers. Method: This study designed a survey based on Nordic questionnaire to obtain MSD symptoms and the degree of four perceived workloads: work repetition, urgency, physical exertion and satisfaction. In this survey, 1,846 workers in a hospital participated. The prevalence of MSD was analyzed for each body part, and MSD cases, which were predetermined in this study, were identified. The relationship between the MSD cases and each perceived workload was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: The pain in the shoulder was the most prevalent among the workers as 52%, and the low back(37%) and leg discomfort(36%) followed. The MSD cases, in which degree of pain was more than severe, were also the most prevalent in the shoulder(13%). Female workers had higher rate of MSD cases than the males. Among the four workload variables, the physical exertion was the statistically related to MSD cases for all the body parts. In addition, the others also had significant relation to MSD cases except one or two body parts. Conclusion: This study found that Korean hospital workers had MSD symptoms mainly in the shoulder, low back and legs in order, and the perceived workload surveyed in this study was highly correlated with MSD symptoms. Application: This study provides another evidence that subjective physical exertion perceived by workers is an important factor to explain MSD cases as same as the objective one.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 cross-eye의 두 재밍 안테나의 진폭 불일치로 인한 성능 저하를 고려한다. 진폭비의 불일치는 기계적 결함에 따른 실제 진폭비와 명목상 진폭비의 차이가 정규분포를 갖는 랜덤변수로 모델링한다. 1차 테일러 전개와 2차 테일러 전개를 통한 해석적 성능분석이 제안된다. 실제 진폭비와 명목상 진폭비의 불일치가 발생한 Cross-eye 재밍의 성능 측정은 mean square difference (MSD)를 계산함으로서 측정된다. 해석적으로 유도된 MSD는 1차 테일러 전개 기반 시뮬레이션 기반 MSD 및 2차 테일러 전개 기반 시뮬레이션 기반 MSD와 해석 기반 MSD와 비교함으로써 검증된다. 계산비용이 높은 Monte-Carlo기반 MSD보다 해석 기반 MSD가 우수함을 보인다.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 1996년도 추계학술대회발표논문집; 고려대학교, 서울; 26 Oct. 1996
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• pp.295-298
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• 1996

We consider a nonpreemptive single-machine scheduling problem to minimize the mean squared deviation(MSD) of job completion times about a common due date d with a maximum tardiness constraint, i.e., maximum tardiness is less than or equal to the given allowable amount, .DELTA.(MSD/T$_{max}$ problem). We classify the .DELTA.-unconstrained cases in the MSD/T$_{max}$ problem. We provide bounds to discern each case for the problem. It is also shown that the .DELTA.-unconstrained MSD/T$_{max}$ problem is equivalent to the unconstrained MSD problem and the tightly .DELTA.-constrained MSD/T$_{max}$ problem with n jobs and a maximum allowable tardiness .DELTA. can be converted into the constrained MSD problem with a common due date .DELTA. and n-1 jobs. Finally, the solution procedure for MSD/T$_{max}$ problem is provided. provided.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 기계적 결함에 따른 실제 진폭비와 명목상 진폭비의 차이를 정규분포를 갖는 랜덤변수로 모델링할 때, crosse-eye의 재밍 효과의 성능 분석을 다룬다. 수치 적분 기반 접근법을 사용하여 구한 mean square difference (MSD)를 제안한다. 수치 적분 기반 접근법을 사용하여 구한 MSD는 1차 테일러 근사 기반성능 분석 방법과 2차 테일러 근사 기반 해석적 성능 분석 방법을 이용하여 계산한 analytic 기반 MSD보다 근사하지 않은 Monte-Carlo 기반 Simulation MSD에 가깝다. 이는 수치 적분 기반 MSD가 정확성이 더 높은 것을 뜻한다. 계산비용이 큰 Monte-Carlo 기반 Simulation을 이용하지 않아도 수치적분을 통하여 MSD로 주어지는 진폭비 섭동이 성능 저하에 미치는 영향을 구할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal diseases (MSD) and the factors for approving MSD by the parts of the body. Methods: The analysis was done using the data which were drawn from the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance that is operated by the Korea Worker's Compensation & Welfare Service. The data were composed of total cases related to the work-related diseases from 2006 to 2009. In addition, MSD data input by an investigator were collected. The factors associated with MSD were analyzed using ${\times}2$ and multiple logistic regression. Results: MSD approved cases have increased since 2006 and the proportion of the approved work-related MSD cases in the workers with work-related diseases in 2009 were 33.4%. Spinal approved cases were the highest percentage and upper and lower extremities cases gradually increased. The factors for approving upper extremity were found to be age, company size, type of industry, working duration, and in the case of spine to be company size and heavy lifting. Conclusion: Work-related MSD have increased and the factors that affected MSD by the parts of the body varied. Management strategy must be established to prevent MSD by the parts of the body.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.2614-2632
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• 2015

A multiple symbol detection (MSD) algorithm is proposed relying on soft information for ultra-wideband systems, where differential space-time block code is employed. The proposed algorithm aims to calculate a posteriori probabilities (APP) of information symbols, where a forward and backward message passing mechanism is implemented based on the BCJR algorithm. Specifically, an MSD metric is analyzed and performed for serving the APP model. Furthermore, an autocorrelation sampling is employed to exploit signals dependencies among different symbols, where the observation window slides one symbol each time. With the aid of the bidirectional message passing mechanism and the proposed sampling approach, the proposed MSD algorithm achieves a better detection performance as compared with the existing MSD. In addition, when the proposed MSD is exploited in conjunction with channel decoding, an iterative soft-input soft-output MSD approach is obtained. Finally, simulations demonstrate that the proposed approaches improve detection performance significantly.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.217-222
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• 1996

We studied about analyzing carbamate pesticides, organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides simultaneously using by GC/MSD. For this, instead of HPLC which is generally used in analyzing carbamate pesticides, GC was used and all hydrogen of -NH group in carbamate pesticides were substituted for trifluoroacetyl group which is stable at heat And eight pesticide resdidues were not detected in nine samples circulated in the city.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2008

Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) problems have been increasingly reported in hospital sector but the problems were not addressed with respect to holistic aspects of the target population in Korea. Often, it is required to understand how MSD symptoms are associated with factors such as personal, work environmental and psychosocial stressors. To examine features of association between sets of MSD symptoms and the factors, a questionnaire survey was conducted in a university hospital. A 140-item questionnaire was developed and used for collecting information including factors (e.g., job/occupation, task/activity, job stress) and MSD symptoms. A total of 1,091 workers (male 23.7% and female 76.3%) were finally determined for data analyses. Prevalence rate for the whole body was 72% and, among body parts, the highest was 48.7% for the shoulder, followed by 34.6%(the low back), 32.7%(the leg/foot), 27.9%(the neck), 26.7%(the wrist) and 12%(the elbow). The symptoms were significantly different by job/occupational variable in each of all body parts except the neck. The symptoms were very significantly different by task/activity variables in each of all body parts while those symptoms were significantly different by psychosocial variables, depending on body part and gender. In the logistic regression analyses performed for MSD symptoms by body part and each of 3 factors, odds ratio values varied, ranging from 0.7 to 3.3. The controls for reducing the symptoms were discussed on the basis of the findings. The results show that the MSD symptoms can remarkably vary by the factors and, in particular, can be highly differential for the task/activity factor. This study suggests that MSD symptom features be examined by using various factors and then a higher differential factor be primarily utilized for controling MSD symptoms in general industry including hospital settings.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.543-545
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• 2002

Solid phase microextraction(SPME)을 사용하여 김치 중의 향기성분이 매우 용이하게 포집할 수 있었으며 dimethyl-sulfide등 25종의 휘발성성분이 분석되었다. 질량분석기로 동정된 몇몇 성분을 AED로 확신하였을 때 황과 질소를 함유하는 성분임을 명확히 알 수 있어 GC-AED를 사용하면 그 물질의 구성원소를 쉽게 분석할 수 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.871-880
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• 1993

전통적인 2진 가산규칙은 올림수를 발생시키고 MSB까지 올림수 전달이 발생하므로 직렬가산을 수행한다. 따라서 2진 가산에서 올림수 전달은 광의 병렬성을 최대한으로 이용할 수가 없다. MSD 수체계를 사용한 평가산기는 전통적인 2진 가산에서 발생하는 연속적인 올림수 전달을 제한하도록 제안되었다. 그러나 MSD 수체계는 MSD의 3가지 디지트를 표현하기 위하여 3가지 다른 상태로 부호화해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 SS방법을 사용하여 2-비트 가산규칙에 근거한 광병렬 가산기의 구성을 제안한다.