• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.428-435
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• 1994

Cell growth and production of ${\alpha}$-amylase, acetic acid and lactic acid were investigated in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(ATCC 23350) flask culture with various carbon sources. Maximum dry cell density increased with increase in initial maltose concentration. Maximum dry cell density was the highest(1.4g/$\ell$) at 10g/$\ell$ of initial glucose concentration. With 10g/$\ell$ of initial glucose concentration, maximum specific cell growth rate was obtained. Among the various carbon sources maximum ${\alpha}$-amylase production was obtained with 149 unit/ml at 20g/$\ell$ of initial maltose concentration. With 5g/$\ell$ of initial maltose concentration, maximum ${\alpha}$-amylase production rate was obtained. By increasing carbon source concentration, acetic acid formation decreased. Acetic acid formation was higher in glucose than in maltose. By increasing carbon source concentration, lactic acid formation increased. Lactic acid formation was higher in maltose than in glucose.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2017

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a potential stroke treatment candidate. Intranasal delivery is a novel method thereby a therapeutic protein can be penetrated into the brain parenchyma by bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Thus, this study tested whether intranasal IL-1RA can provide neuroprotection and brain penetration in transient cerebral ischemia. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h. The rats simultaneously received 50 mg/kg human IL-1RA through the intranasal (IN group) or intraperitoneal route (IP group). The other rats were given 0.5 mL/kg normal saline (EC group). Neurobehavioral function, infarct size, and the concentration of the administered human IL-1RA in the brain tissue were assessed. In addition, the cellular distribution of intranasal IL-1RA in the brain and its effect on proinflammatory cytokines expression were evaluated. Intranasal IL-1RA improved neurological deficit and reduced infarct size until 7 days after MCAO (p<0.05). The concentrations of the human IL-1RA in the brain tissue 24 h after MCAO were significantly greater in the IN group than in the IP group (p<0.05). The human IL-1RA was confirmed to be co-localized with neuron and microglia. Furthermore, the IN group had lower expression of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ at 6 h after MCAO than the EC group (p<0.05). These results suggest that intranasal IL-1RA can reach the brain parenchyma more efficiently and provide superior neuroprotection in the transient focal cerebral ischemia.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

A 7-week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of yeasts (Kluyveromyces fragilis and Candida utilis) with or without cell wall chemical treatment (protoplasted) in formulated diets on growth and body composition of larval ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Three replicate groups of ap average weighing 100 mg were fed diets containing each level ($5{\%}$) of K. fragilis, protoplasted K. fragilis, C. utilis, protoplasted C. utilis or brewer's yeast as an additive. Survival rate of fish fed the diet containing protoplasted K. fragilis, C. utilis or protoplasted C. utilis was higher than that of fish tea the control diet (P<0.05). Body weight .gain of fish fed the diet containing protoplasted K. fragilis was higher than that of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). Crude protein and ash contents of Ssh were not significantly affected by the different dietary yeasts (P>0.05), On the other hand, crude lipid content of fish fed the diet containing K. fragilis, protoplasted K. fragilis or brewer's yeast was higher than that of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). Amino acids composition of fish was not significantly affected by the different dietary yeasts (P>0.05), except aspartic acid. The results suggest that protoplasted K. fragilis as an additive in micro-formulated diet can improve weight gain and body quality of larval ayu.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1998

The polysialic acid (polySia) glycotope covalently modifies cell surface glycoconjugates on cells as evolutionarily diverse as microbes and human. The recent chemical identification of polysialylated glycoproteins in the jelly coat and on the cell surface of the sea urchin egg raises important questions about their biosynthesis and possible function. Using CMP-[$^{14}$ C]Neu5Ac as substrate and cell free preparations from eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Stronglylcentrotus nudus, we have identified a membrane associated CMP-Neu5Ac:poly-$\alpha$2, 8 sialosyl sialyltransferase (polyST) that transfers Neu5Ac to an endogenous acceptor. Optimal conditions for the polyST activity were found to be 2$0^{\circ}C$ in 20 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.0). The polyST activity was increased 2.7 times by the addition of 10 mM $Mg^2$$^{+}$. The membrane-associated polyST also catalyzed the polysialylation of mammalian ganglioside GD3. Given that no structurally similar natural polysialylated gangliosides have been described, nor were observed in the present study, we conclude that a single polyST activity catalyzes sialylation of the endogenous acceptor and the gangliosides. Using an excess of GD3 as an exogenous acceptor, it was established that the expression of the polyST in S. nudus embryos increased rapidly at the mesenchyme blastula stage and reached at maximum at the gastrula stage. The finding that this polyST in the sea urchin embryo is developmentally regulated raises the possibility that it may play a role in the changing cell and tissue interactions that occur during gastrulation and the early stages of spicule formation.n.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.145-149
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• 1997

Lipoxygenase activity from brown rice varieties (Tongjinbyeo, Kumohbyeo and Kanchukbyeo) was investigated using spectrophotometric method. In all three varieties, there was an increase in the enzyme activity with the reaction time. Enzyme activity was tested at different concentration of the substrate. The $V_{max}\;and\;K_m$ values of Tongjin, Kumoh and Kanchukbyeo were 57.89, 19.85 and 31.38 units/mg protein and 0.054, 0.045 and 0.035 mM. The study of lipoxygenase activity at different pH levels showed that all the varieties had maximal activities around $pH\;7.0{\sim}7.6$. The enzyme activity and specific activity on milled fractions of different brown rice varieties, fraction II was superior to the other fractions and fraction IV was inferior to the other fractions. As the result of microwave heating for 0, 30, 60 and 90 sec, the enzyme activity and specific activity of all the varieties were decreased by the elapse of heating time.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 1986

To determine contents of general constituents of Ganoderma lucidum in Korea, the dried carpophores were analyzed. The contents of water, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and crude cellulose were 14.6, 2.0, 3.3, 23.6, and 59.0%, respectively. Among reducing sugars, maltose was the most abundant. Seventeen free amino acids were detected, showing alanine the highest value. The pH of hot water extract was 4.1-4.2. The spores of Ganoderma lucidum was flat and ovoidal long. Their size was $6.3-7.1{\times}3.5-4.3{\times}2.0-2.5\;{\mu}m$ long. To examine effects of life span against sarcoma-180 cells, Fractions A, B and C, were obtained from the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. The survival rates of Fractions A, B and C were 131.7, 162.5, and 141.7 %, respectively. In addition, to examine effects of Fraction B on cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity (=DTH) test was conducted. It restored the suppressed DTH in the sarcoma-180 bearing group up to 66.7%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.341-352
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• 2012

It is well established that excessive sodium intake is related to a higher incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and gastric cancer. Although the upper limit of the current sodium intake guideline by WHO is set at 2,000 mg/day for adults, sodium intake of Koreans is well over 4,700 mg/capita/day implying an urgent need to develop and implement sodium intake reduction policy at the national level. This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of the sodium intake reduction policy, for the first time, in Korea. Analyses were performed using most recent and representative data on national health insurance statistics, healthcare utilization, employment information, disease morbidity/mortality, etc. The socioeconomic benefits of the policy, resulting from reduced morbidity of those relevant diseases, included lower medical expenditures, transportation costs, caregiver cost for inpatients and income losses. The socioeconomic benefits from diminished mortality included reductions in earning losses and welfare losses caused by early deaths. It is estimated that the amount of total benefits of reducing sodium intake from 4.7 g to 3.0 g is 12.6 trillion Korean Won; and the size of its cost is 149 billion Won. Assuming that the effect of sodium intake reduction would become gradually evident over a 5-year period, the implied rate of average return to the sodium reduction policy is 7,790% for the following 25 years, suggesting a very high cost-effectiveness. Accordingly, development and implementation of a mid-to-long term plan for a consistent sodium intake reduction policy is extremely beneficial and well warranted.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2011

The bark of Machilus thunbergii was extracted with 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH), and the concentrated extract was partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five lignans were isolated through the repeated silica gel, octadecyl silica gel (ODS) and, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be machilin A (1), machilin F (2), licarin A (3), nectandrin A (4), and nectandrin B, (5). This study presents comparative account of five lignans from M. thunbergii bark contributing inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL), ACAT-1, and ACAT-2. Compounds 2-5 showed varied degree of antioxidant activity on LDL with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.1, 11.8, 15.3, and $4.1{\mu}M$. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed inhibition activity on ACAT-1 with values $63.4{\pm}6.9%$ ($IC_{50}=66.8{\mu}M$), $53.7{\pm}0.9%$ ($IC_{50}=109.2{\mu}M$), and $78.7{\pm}0.2%$ ($IC_{50}=40.6{\mu}M$), respectively, at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, and on ACAT-2 with values $47.3{\pm}1.5%$ ($IC_{50}=149.7{\mu}M$), $39.2{\pm}0.2%$ ($IC_{50}=165.2{\mu}M$), and $52.1{\pm}1.0%$ ($IC_{50}=131.0{\mu}M$, respectively, at a concentration of 50 mg/mL.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2002

A 1,989-bp genomic region encoding nickel resistance genes was isolated from Legionella pneumophila, a pathogen for legionellosis. From a sequencing and computer analysis, the region was found to harbor two structural genes, a nreB-like protein gene (1,149 bp) and a nreA-like protein gene (270 bp), in a row. Both genes exhibited a significant degree of similarity to the corresponding genes from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 ($54\%$ amino acid sequence identity) and Achromobacter xylosoxidans 31A ($76\%$). The gene was successfully expressed in E. coli MG1655 and conferred a nickel resistance of up to 5 mM in an LB medium and 3 mM in a TMS medium including gluconate as the sole carbon source. E. coli harboring the nickel resistance gene also exhibited a substantial resistance to cobalt, yet no resistance to cadmium or zinc. Since the extracellular concentration of nickel remained constant during the whole period of cultivation, it was confirmed that the nickel resistance was provided by an efflux system like the $Ni^2＋$permease (nrsD) of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Since polyphosphate (poly-P) is known as a global regulator for gene expression as well as a potential virulence factor in E. coli, the nickel resistance of a ppk mutant of E. coli MG 1655 harboring the nickel resistance gene from L. pneumophila was compared with that of its parental strain. The nickel resistance was significantly attenuated by ppk inactivation, which was more pronounced in an LB medium than in a TMS medium.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2001

Objective : To elucidate risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males. Methods : A nested case control study was conducted among a Korea Medical Insurance Cooperation(KMIC) cohort composed of 108,802 males. The eases included 246 male patients who were admitted to hospital due to coronary heart diseases from 1993 to 1997 (120-25 by ICD) and whose diagnosis was confirmed by the protocol by WHO MONICA Project(1994). The control group was composed of 483 patients selected by frequency matching considering age and resident area from an inpatient care group without coronary heart disease during the same period. For study cases and the controls, the results of a health check-up in 1990 and a questionnaire on life style in 1992 were received through the KMIC. Some additional information was collected by telephone interviews during October 1999. Results : Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of coronary heart diseases among past smokers and current smokers as compared to non-smokers were 1.94(95% CI : 1.14-3.31) and 2.20(55% CI : 1.35-3.59), respectively. The OR among persons who drank 4 cups or more of caffeinated beverages such as coffee or tea daily as compared to persons who drank one cup for 2-3 days was 2.50(95% CI : 1.07-6.12). The OR among persons with high normal BP and stage 3 hypertension against normotension were 2.51 (95% CI : 1.44-4.37) and 5.08(95% CI : 2.38-10.84). The OR among persons whose blood cholesterol were 240 mg/dL or mere against lower than 200mg/dL was 2.24(95% CI : 1.43-3.49). Conclusion : Smoking, drinking of excessive caffeinated beverages, hypertension and high blood cholesterol were proven to be significant risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males.