• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.53
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• pp.265-288
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• 2012

Trade in service, which deals with intangible product, is distinguished from trade of goods for tangible product. The current multilateral service trade is based on GATS which includes MFN, securing the predictability as well as transparency of related service rules, specific commitment basis market access national treatment. Recently the WTO service disputes are increasing according to the frequent filing complaints against the regulation of service trade in China. The rules of GATS are not as strict as those of GATT. The commitment schedules, which were materialized between members, gets binding effect through the obligatory provisions of GATS. The GATS is inseparable relation with the Appendix of finance, of telecommunication, and of air transport, with the schedules of commitment of member states, and with the reference paper to the 4th protocol. GATS article XIV which is the general exception of GATS has a similar structure of GATT article XX. Based on the possibility of filing to the WTO, there is a need to examine whether the whole rules, regulation, and policy international trade in service of Korea perfectly macthed with the GATS. Korea with poor resources should take up the more positive attitude for the opening of international service market. According to the reciprocal aspects of concession, if Korea doesn't open a service market, the other WTO member country wouldn't allow Korea to access the their market as well as national treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2003

In this study, a new programming method to minimize the generation of Si-SiO$_2$interface traps of SONOS nonvolatile memory device as a function of number of porgram/erase cycles was proposed. In the proposed programming method, power supply voltage is applied to the gate. forward biased program voltage is applied to the source and the drain, while the substrate is left open, so that the program is achieved by Modified Fowler-Nordheim(MFN) tunneling of electron through the tunnel oxide over source and drain region. For the channel erase, erase voltage is applied to the gate, power supply voltage is applied to the substrate, and the source and dram are left open. Also, the asymmetric mode in which the program voltage is higher than the erase voltage, is more efficient than symmetric mode in order to minimize the degradation characteristics or SONOS devices because electrical stress applied to the Si-SiO$_2$interface is reduced due to short program time.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-27
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• 2017

This paper studied the effects of anti-dumping measures on the imports to investigate whether the trade restriction effect of an anti-dumping duty is dominant. Our results indicate that a 1% increase in the anti-dumping duties decreases the import of the targeted product by about 0.43~0.51%. The actual statistics, however, show that the total import of the targeted products increased by about 30 percent while an anti-dumping duty was in force. That indicates that an anti-dumping duty is just a temporary import relief. This paper also investigated whether an anti-dumping duty is terminated in the case that the injury would not be likely to continue or recur if the duty were removed. The hazards model estimates show that increase in market share, MFN tariff rate, and dumping margin decrease the hazard of termination of an anti-dumping duty, but the increase in value added increases the hazard of termination. Generally speaking, this result indicates that the WTO member countries have regulated the overuse of an anti-dumping measure. The findings of this paper show that there is a country- and industry-wise heterogeneous characteristic in the effect as well as termination of an anti-dumping duty.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.121-145
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• 2009

South Korea has investment agreements such as FTAs, BITs with several countries. Up to now, no single case has been registered against the Korean government on breach of investment agreements, but it is likely that the number of such cases would increase. Therefore, an investor-state dispute settlement system, an arbitral procedure by which a foreign investor may seek compensation of damage against the host country, is gaining its importance. The provision of the ISDS has been one of the hottest issues in Korea while the Kor-US FTA was being signed. In this respect, with the growing number of regional agreements such as BITs and FTAs, a careful scrutiny on the ISDS is necessary for Korea. I have therefore studied theoretically subjects including the National Treatment(NT), the Most-Favored Nation(MFN), Fair and Equitable Treatment and Expropriation - those that have been the objects of protection on investors. And I have analyzed ICSID arbitral awards and provided implications. In the ICSID arbitral awards, the Fair and Equitable Treatment turned out to be the most recognized violation on investors by the host State in terms of investor protection. On the other hand, Indirect Expropriation - a matter of which public anxiety was shown led by civic groups - was not generally recognized in arbitral awards. This study is written for sake of governments, local autonomous entities and public enterprises that are in charge of FTAs and BITs.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.639-660
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• 1996

The lowest formation of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup, the Nakdong Formation, unconformably overlies the gneiss complex basement in Hadong, Gyeongsangnam-do and Gwangyang, Chullanam-do. The Nakdong Formation of the study area is 500-600 m thick and occurs as a belt shape. Based upon lithology, sedimentary structure, and bedding geometry the formation consists of three conglomerate facies (Gd, Gn, Gic), five sandstone facies (Sh-n, Sh-i, Sp, Sr, Sm), and four mudstone facies (Mf, Mfn, Mc, Mv). Sandstone facies are the most prominent in the study area. The twelve facies can be grouped into five facies associations. The depositional settings are elucidated from analyses of 12 facies and five facies associations of the formation. The lower part of the Nakdong Formation was deposited in alluvial plain, and the middle and upper parts were in a riverine system. The lithologies of the Nakdong Formation of the Gyeongsang Basin have been considered to consist of generally conglomerates and pebbly sandstones that were accumulated in alluvial fans. But the common lithology of the study area is sandstone which was formed in lower part of alluvial fan or fluvial setting. It is supposed that the coarser sedimentary sequence distributed west to the study area should be eroded out after deposition and early uplift, and the finer sandstone sequence in the east remains behind. The mineral composition of sandstones and the clast composition of conglomerates indicate that the Nakdong Formation was derived mainly from the metamorphic source rocks. Some reworked intraclasts were also supplied from the intrabasinal sedimentary layers. Paleocurrent data collected from cross-beddings, ripple marks, asymmetric sand dune suggest that most sediments were transported from north to south during the Nakdong Formation time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.267-274
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• 1992

In order to study the relationships between the contents of urinary nitrogenous compounds and energy utilization of bird, the sum of nitrogen contents of uric acid, ammonia, creatine and urea voided in excreta was estimated as the urinary nitrogen (UN) in 13-33 day-old fed or fasted White Leghorn male chicks. Energy retention and heat production of birds were determined by comparative slaughter studies. 2.75 mg of endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUn) and 2.19 mg of uric acid was excreted constantly per kJ heat production in fasted bird. One mg of UN was proportionated to 32.26 J (r = 0.999, n = 8) of the urinary energy (UE) in fed and 32.97 J (r = 0.9998, n = 8) of the endogenous urinary energy (UEn) in the fasted bird. Also relationships between 1 mg of uric acid and 38.95 J of UE (r = 0.998, n = 8) or 38.97 J of UEe (r = 0.996, n = 8) were significant (p<0.01). The EUn (r = 0.997, n = 4), uric acid (r = 0.995, n = 4) and metabolic fecal energy (FEm) plus UEe (r = 0.961, n = 4) were increased with the increase of body weight (g/bird). Metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFn) or energy (FEm), EUn and UEe per unit diet were not influenced by the age of day or body weight. The results indicated that energy and protein utilization of bird can be approximated by the relationships among urinary nitrogen, urinary energy, uric acid content in excreta and body weight of bird.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.35-38
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• 2002

In this paper, the characteristics of channel hot electron (CHE) injection for the write operation in a NOR-type SONOS flash memory with common source line were investigated. The thicknesses of he tunnel oxide, the memory nitride， and the blocking oxide layers for the gate insulator of the fabricated SONOS devices were $34{\AA}$, $73{\AA}$, and $34{\AA}$, respectively. The SONOS devices compared to floating gate devices have many advantages, which are a simpler cell structure, compatibility with conventional logic CMOS process and a superior scalability. For these reasons, the introduction of SONOS device has stimulated. In the conventional SONOS devices, Modified Folwer-Nordheim (MFN) tunneling and CHE injection for writing require high voltages, which are typically in the range of 9 V to 15 V. However CHE injection in our devices was achieved with the single power supply of 5 V. To demonstrate CHE injection, substrate current (Isub) and one-shot programming curve were investigated. The memory window of about 3.2 V and the write speed of $100{\mu}s$ were obtained. Also, the disturbance and drain turn-on leakage during CHE injection were not affected in the SONOS array. These results show that CHE injection can be achieved with a low voltage and single power supply, and applied for the high speed program of the SONOS memory devices.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-28
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• 2010

This paper considers technological requirements to broadcast digital television signals using distributed frequency network (DFN) in the advanced television systems committee (ATSC) transmission system and proposes distributed translator (DTxR) to meet such requirements. In the DFN, DTxR uses different frequency from main transmitter, but same among DTxRs. In addition, this paper introduces digital signal processing (DSP) techniques, which consist of demodulation, equalization, transmitter identification (TxID) generation and insertion, and modulation, to implement DTxR.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2011

This paper studies the impact of Korean introduction of the Generalized System of Preferences(GSP) to developing countries, which are continuously arguing to support research and development for reducing greenhouse gas(GHG) emission with developed countries in the Conference of the Parties(COP) of UNFCCC. This paper is focusing on the expecting effects of trade and GHG emission reduction when Korea provides GSP to Indonesia, Brazil, and Ethiopia, which are selected in the first session of Global Green Growth Institute(GGGI). This paper uses the methodology of the intra-industry trade index multiplied by Korean import-induced coefficients. To Indonesia, Korean probable GSP would benefit exports of Indonesian agriculture, forestry, fishery, and livestock farming industries, which would contribute to Indonesian reduction of GHG emission. To Brazil, the exports to Korea would increase in the GHG sensitive industries such as metal, fat, oils, food, and beverage industries. Ethiopia belongs to the least developed countries. So Korean GSP would support the exports and GHG reduction in Ethiopian agriculture, forestry, fisheries, textiles, and leather industries. Without conflicting most favored nation treatment(MFN) principle in WTO, the introduction of GSP would be a good compensation for GHG reduction to developing countries.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.518-536
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• 2009

To verify the performance of a Distributed Translator Network(DTxR) system in the real world conditions, 5 legacy DTV broadcasting repeater sites were implemented with 5 DTxR systems and field-tested by the DTV field test truck. The 4 DTV broadcasting repeater sites are selected in congested areas where their service areas are overlapped and the 5th site is deviated from the other sites to examine the effect of long-delayed multipath signals. First of all, we checked the receiving signal of the main station that used as a transmitting signal in 5 DTxR systems on the pre-selected 60 test points and tested every case of a DTxR system's on & off except 1 repeater site due to the already built-in DTV repeater system. The test items are received signal electric field strength, noise margin, ease of reception and subjective evaluation of the picture quality for received signals. We used 3rd, 5th, and 6th generation DTV receivers to examine the differences of the receivability by each generation of DTV receivers. Reviewing the test results, we conclude that the DTxR system can be adopted in the current DTV Repeater sites and it could improve the quality and receivability of the main signals by extending the service areas and enhancing the signal levels in the shadow areas without using the extra broadcasting channels.