• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2015

Background and Purpose: The association between the low emotional regulation and the brain structural change of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been proposed, but the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on female MDD are rare. The purpose of the present study was to show the regional volume changes of gray matter (GM) in female patients with MDD by optimized VBM. Methods: To control subjects homogeneity, twenty female MDD patients and age, sex matched 21 normal controls were included for the VBM analysis. To identify the change of regional gray matter volume (GMV), the optimized VBM was performed with T1 MRIs. The amounts of gray/white matter and intracranial cavity volumes (ICV) were measured. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial correlation analyses covariate with age and ICV were applied for VBM. Results: The age and ICV distributions were similar between the two groups. In the ANCOVA, the total GMV of MDD was smaller than that of normal controls. In the VBM, regional GMV was relatively decreased in the limbic system (amygdalae, ambient gyri, hippocampi heads, subiculum, posterior parahippocampal gyri, pulvinar nuclei, dorsal posterior cingulate gyri, and left pregenual cingulate gyrus). The lingual gyri, short insular gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus were also showed decreased regional GMV. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the female MDD is mainly associated with the structural deficits of the limbic system and limbic system related cortices, which were known to the center of emotions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.473-479
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• 2012

Water reuse has been highlighted as a representative alternative to solve the lacking water resource. This study carried out a study on the pipe corrosion and water quality change which can occur through the supply of reclaimed water, using a simulated reclaimed water distribution pipeline. Galvanized steel pipe (GSP), cast iron pipe (CIP), stainless steel pipe (STSP) and PVC pipe (PVCP) were used for the pipe materials. Reclaimed water(RW) and tap water(TW) were respectively supplied into simulated reclaimed water distribution pipelines. As a result of performing a loop test to supply reclaimed water to simulated reclaimed water distribution pipelines, the weight reduction of pipe coupons showed the sequence of CIP > GSP > STSP ${\approx}$ PVCP. In addition, reclaimed water showed a high corrosion rate comparing to that of tap water. In case of CIP, the initial corrosion rate showed 3.511 mdd(milligrams per square decimeter per day) for reclaimed water and 2.064 mdd for tap water and the corrosion rate for 90 days showed 0.833 mdd for reclaimed water and 0.294 mdd for tap water. Also in case of GSP, the initial corrosion rate showed 2.703 mdd for reclaimed water and 2.499 mdd for tap water and the corrosion rate for 90 days showed 0.349 mdd for reclaimed water and 0.248 mdd for tap water, which was a tendency similar to that appeared in CIP with a tendency to reduce the corrosion rate. As a result of water quality changes of reclaimed water at pipe materials to carry out the loop test, there was higher conversion ratio of ammonia into nitrate in CIP and GSP with higher corrosion rate than that in STSP and PVCP where no corrosion has occurred. The highest denitrification rate of nitrate could be observed from CIP with the most particles generated from corrosion. In CIP, it could be confirmed that there was MIC (Microbiologically Induced Corrosion) as a result of EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer System) analysis results.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2014

Objective : Panic disorders are frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). There is insufficient information about which clinical factors in panic disorder are associated with comorbid MDD. The aim of this study is to identify clinical factors related with comorbid MDD in patients with panic disorder. Methods : Two experienced psychiatrists diagnosed panic disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. This diagnosis in the 275 subjects was confirmed again by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were examined by MINI. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were used to assess the severity of depressive, anxiety and panic symptoms. Results : The result of MINI showed that 95 patients (34%) with panic disorder satisfied the diagnosis of MDD. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the symptom of "fear of losing control or going crazy" were associated with MDD in patients with panic disorder. In female patients, the "chills or hot flushes" symptom was also associated with comorbid MDD. Conclusion : These results showed that coexisting GAD and certain symptoms of panic are associated with comorbid MDD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.79-111
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• 2022

Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It can lead to emotional and physical problems. Treatments such as antidepressant and cognitive behavioral therapy for MDD have many limitations. Traditional East Asian Herbal Medicine (TEAM) is a representative modality of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) which can be used for MDD. However, no study has systematically reviewed the efficacy or safety of TEAM for MDD so far. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate effectiveness and safety of TEAM as a monotherapy for MDD. We only included TEAM that could be used in context of clinical setting in Korean Medicine. Outcomes were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and total effective rate (TER). After comprehensive electronic search of 11 databases, we included 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared HM as monotherapy with antidepressant for MDD. Meta-analysis showed that TEAM had significant benefits in reducing HAMD (MD=-0.40, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.13, p=0.003, I²=85%) and improving TER (RR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.10, p=0.003, I²=0%). It also appeared to be safer than antidepressant in terms of adverse effects. Methods used for RCTs were poor and the quality of evidence was graded 'low' or 'moderate'. These findings indicate that the use of HM as a monotherapy might have potential benefits in MDD treatment as an alternative to antidepressant. However, considering the methodological quality of included RCTs, the clinical evidence is uncertain. Further well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these findings.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.spc1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Objectives : We will discuss the differences on EEG results of Post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) and Major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods : We measured EEG on 21 sites (Fp1, Fpz, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, Oz, O2) of PTED and MDD. Then, we compared the results. Results : There is a significant result of a beta band between PTED and MDD. Conclusions : We became aware of the differences on EEG results of PTED and MDD. This can be used as the basis of diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.89-100
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• 2018

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that delivers 1-2 mA of current to the scalp. Several clinical studies have been conducted to confirm the therapeutic effect of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with tDCS. Some studies have shown tDCS's antidepressant effect, while the others showed conflicting results in antidepressant effects. Our aim of this review is to understand the biological bases of tDCS's antidepressant effect and review the results of studies on tDCS's antidepressant effect. For the review and search process of MDD treatment using tDCS, the US National Library of Medicine search engine PubMed was used. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanism of tDCS's antidepressant effect and the existing published literature including meta-analysis, systematic review, control trial, open studies, and case reports of antidepressant effects and cognitive function improvement in patients with MDD are reviewed. We also discuss the appropriate tDCS protocol for MDD patients, factors predictive of response to tDCS treatment, the disadvantages of tDCS in MDD treatment, and side effects.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.546-549
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• 1998

다치결정도 (multiple-valued decision diagram : MDD) 와 순서화된 다치결정도 (ordered MDD:OMDD)는 다치논리함수의 표현에 폭넓게 사용된다. p치 n변수인 경우 p/sup (n-1)/으로 증가하는 노드의 수는 ROMDD(reduced OMDD)를 사용하여 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 다치와 다변수의 경우에는 더욱 많은 공정을 수반하게 된다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 honghai jiang이 제안한 2치시스템에서의 input implict/output explicit 관계를 갖는 OVAG(output value array graph)를 사용하여 다치논리함수를 표현한다. 그리고 MDD 표현이 어려운 상황에서 MOVAG(multi OVAG)를 사용하여 보다 쉽게 출력값을 배열하는 그래프를 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 MOVAG의 구성방법과 회로에서 MOVAG로으 변환에 대한 알고리듬을 제안하였고, 알고리듬에 의한 결과를 MDD와 비교하여 노드수 감소에 따르는 처리속도가 개선됨을 검증하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.75-79
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• 1999

다치결정도(Multiple-valued Decision Diagram : MDD)와 순서화된 다치결정도(Ordered MDD : OMDD)는 다치논리함수의 표현에 폭넓게 사용된다. p치 n변수 인 경우 p$^{(n-1)}$ 으로 증가하는 노드의 수는 ROMDD(Reduced OMDD)를 사용하여 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 다치와 다변수의 경우에는 더욱 많은 공정을 수반하게 된다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 Honghai Jiang이 제안한 2치시스템에서의 input implict/output explicit 관계를 갖는 OVAG(Output Value Array Graph)를 사용하여 다치논리함수를 표현한다. 고리고 MDD 표현이 어려운 상황에서 MOVAG(Multi OVAG)를 사용하여 보다 쉽게 출력값을 배열하는 그래프를 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 MOVAG의 구성방법과 회로에서 MOVAG로의 변환에 대한 알고리즘을 제안하였고, 알고리즘에 의한 결과를 MDD와 비교하여 노드수 감소에 따르는 처리속도가 개선됨 을 검증하였다.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2013

Objective : There have been few comprehensive studies on the analysis of 24-hour HRV of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to compare the autonomic nerve system of patients with a MDD with healthy patients and to examine the physiologic and clinical effects of 24-hour HRV by analyzing whether the HRV demonstrates the level of depressive symptoms after improving the symptoms in patients with a MDD. Methods : The 24-hour HRV was measured in patient groups with a MDD (n=16) and control groups (n=16). The patients with a MDD received the follow up test for two months after the treatment. Results : There were significant differences among the indexes (SDNN, rMSSD, SDNN index, and pNN50) of time-domain analysis and the indexes (TP, VLF, LF, HF, and ULF) of frequency-domain analysis of HRV between patient and control groups. The means of RR, SDNN, SDANN, and TP increased after two month of the treatment, comparing them with before the treatment, but there were no statistical significance. Conclusion : The results of 24-hour HRV analysis indicated significant decrease of HRV indexes among MDD patients which may suggest decrease of parasympathetic nervous functions.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.42-48
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• 2016

Recently, most of the modern people used a second mobile device(two degree mobile device). Mobile devices are affecting all areas of human life, consumer electronics, transportation, manufacturing, and finance. On this paper, we propose a model-driven development based interaction model that can be used in the development of mobile payment system, which is the latest buzzword pins of the various application fields of mobile devices Tech (Fin-Tech) sector. Using a model-driven development based models do not depend on the Platforms (PIM), we propose a model for interaction between devices which can be reused when developing mobile billing app. A model-driven development based mobile applications use the reusable of interaction models development program analyzed the bus fees automatic payment application by a beacon.