• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2015

Background and Purpose: The association between the low emotional regulation and the brain structural change of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been proposed, but the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on female MDD are rare. The purpose of the present study was to show the regional volume changes of gray matter (GM) in female patients with MDD by optimized VBM. Methods: To control subjects homogeneity, twenty female MDD patients and age, sex matched 21 normal controls were included for the VBM analysis. To identify the change of regional gray matter volume (GMV), the optimized VBM was performed with T1 MRIs. The amounts of gray/white matter and intracranial cavity volumes (ICV) were measured. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial correlation analyses covariate with age and ICV were applied for VBM. Results: The age and ICV distributions were similar between the two groups. In the ANCOVA, the total GMV of MDD was smaller than that of normal controls. In the VBM, regional GMV was relatively decreased in the limbic system (amygdalae, ambient gyri, hippocampi heads, subiculum, posterior parahippocampal gyri, pulvinar nuclei, dorsal posterior cingulate gyri, and left pregenual cingulate gyrus). The lingual gyri, short insular gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus were also showed decreased regional GMV. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the female MDD is mainly associated with the structural deficits of the limbic system and limbic system related cortices, which were known to the center of emotions.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.473-479
• /
• 2012

하수재이용은 부족한 수자원 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대표적인 대안으로 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하수재이용수의 공급시 관망내에서 일어날 수 있는 관의 부식과 수질변화에 대한 연구를 모형관망을 이용하여 수행하였다. 관 재질은 아연도강관(GSP), 주철관(CIP), 스테인레스강관(STSP), PVC관(PVCP)을 이용하였고, 하수재이용수와 수돗물을 각각 공급하여 비교 및 평가하였다. 하수재이용수를 모형관망에 공급하는 루프테스트를 수행한 결과, 관 재질별 시편의 무게 감소량은 CIP > GSP > STSP ${\approx}$ PVCP의 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 하수재이용수는 수돗물과 비교하여 부식속도가 높게 나타났는데, CIP의 경우, 하수재이용수의 초기 부식속도가 3.511 mdd, 수돗물은 2.064 mdd를 나타내었고, 90일간의 부식속도는 하수재이용수 0.833 mdd, 수돗물 0.294 mdd를 나타내었다. 또한, GSP도 하수재이용수의 초기 부식속도가 2.703 mdd, 수돗물은 2.499 mdd를 나타내었고, 90일간의 부식속도는 하수재이용수 0.349, 수돗물 0.248 mdd로 CIP에서 나타난 경향과 유사하였으며, 시간이 지남에 따라 부식속도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 루프테스트를 수행하는 과정에서 관 재질별로 하수재이용수의 수질변화를 관찰한 결과, 암모니아성 질소의 경우, 부식이 크게 발생한 CIP 및 GSP에서 부식이 발생하지 않은 STSP 및 PVCP와 비교하여 질산염으로 전환되는 비율이 월등히 높았고, 부식생성물이 가장 많은 CIP에서 질산성 질소의 탈질이 가장 높게 일어나는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, CIP에서는 SRB (Sulfur Reducing Bacteria)에 의한 황산이온의 소모가 나타났으며, EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer System) 분석 결과 MIC (Microbiologically Induced Corrosion)가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2014

Objective : Panic disorders are frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). There is insufficient information about which clinical factors in panic disorder are associated with comorbid MDD. The aim of this study is to identify clinical factors related with comorbid MDD in patients with panic disorder. Methods : Two experienced psychiatrists diagnosed panic disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. This diagnosis in the 275 subjects was confirmed again by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were examined by MINI. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were used to assess the severity of depressive, anxiety and panic symptoms. Results : The result of MINI showed that 95 patients (34%) with panic disorder satisfied the diagnosis of MDD. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the symptom of "fear of losing control or going crazy" were associated with MDD in patients with panic disorder. In female patients, the "chills or hot flushes" symptom was also associated with comorbid MDD. Conclusion : These results showed that coexisting GAD and certain symptoms of panic are associated with comorbid MDD.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.79-111
• /
• 2022

Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It can lead to emotional and physical problems. Treatments such as antidepressant and cognitive behavioral therapy for MDD have many limitations. Traditional East Asian Herbal Medicine (TEAM) is a representative modality of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) which can be used for MDD. However, no study has systematically reviewed the efficacy or safety of TEAM for MDD so far. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate effectiveness and safety of TEAM as a monotherapy for MDD. We only included TEAM that could be used in context of clinical setting in Korean Medicine. Outcomes were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and total effective rate (TER). After comprehensive electronic search of 11 databases, we included 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared HM as monotherapy with antidepressant for MDD. Meta-analysis showed that TEAM had significant benefits in reducing HAMD (MD=-0.40, 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.13, p=0.003, I²=85%) and improving TER (RR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.10, p=0.003, I²=0%). It also appeared to be safer than antidepressant in terms of adverse effects. Methods used for RCTs were poor and the quality of evidence was graded 'low' or 'moderate'. These findings indicate that the use of HM as a monotherapy might have potential benefits in MDD treatment as an alternative to antidepressant. However, considering the methodological quality of included RCTs, the clinical evidence is uncertain. Further well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these findings.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
• /
• 제24권spc1호
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2013

Objectives : We will discuss the differences on EEG results of Post-traumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) and Major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods : We measured EEG on 21 sites (Fp1, Fpz, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, Oz, O2) of PTED and MDD. Then, we compared the results. Results : There is a significant result of a beta band between PTED and MDD. Conclusions : We became aware of the differences on EEG results of PTED and MDD. This can be used as the basis of diagnosis.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.89-100
• /
• 2018

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that delivers 1-2 mA of current to the scalp. Several clinical studies have been conducted to confirm the therapeutic effect of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with tDCS. Some studies have shown tDCS's antidepressant effect, while the others showed conflicting results in antidepressant effects. Our aim of this review is to understand the biological bases of tDCS's antidepressant effect and review the results of studies on tDCS's antidepressant effect. For the review and search process of MDD treatment using tDCS, the US National Library of Medicine search engine PubMed was used. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanism of tDCS's antidepressant effect and the existing published literature including meta-analysis, systematic review, control trial, open studies, and case reports of antidepressant effects and cognitive function improvement in patients with MDD are reviewed. We also discuss the appropriate tDCS protocol for MDD patients, factors predictive of response to tDCS treatment, the disadvantages of tDCS in MDD treatment, and side effects.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전자공학회 1998년도 하계종합학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.546-549
• /
• 1998

다치결정도 (multiple-valued decision diagram : MDD) 와 순서화된 다치결정도 (ordered MDD:OMDD)는 다치논리함수의 표현에 폭넓게 사용된다. p치 n변수인 경우 p/sup (n-1)/으로 증가하는 노드의 수는 ROMDD(reduced OMDD)를 사용하여 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 다치와 다변수의 경우에는 더욱 많은 공정을 수반하게 된다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 honghai jiang이 제안한 2치시스템에서의 input implict/output explicit 관계를 갖는 OVAG(output value array graph)를 사용하여 다치논리함수를 표현한다. 그리고 MDD 표현이 어려운 상황에서 MOVAG(multi OVAG)를 사용하여 보다 쉽게 출력값을 배열하는 그래프를 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 MOVAG의 구성방법과 회로에서 MOVAG로으 변환에 대한 알고리듬을 제안하였고, 알고리듬에 의한 결과를 MDD와 비교하여 노드수 감소에 따르는 처리속도가 개선됨을 검증하였다.

• 한국산업정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국산업정보학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회 발표논문집
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 1999

다치결정도(Multiple-valued Decision Diagram : MDD)와 순서화된 다치결정도(Ordered MDD : OMDD)는 다치논리함수의 표현에 폭넓게 사용된다. p치 n변수 인 경우 p$^{(n-1)}$ 으로 증가하는 노드의 수는 ROMDD(Reduced OMDD)를 사용하여 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 다치와 다변수의 경우에는 더욱 많은 공정을 수반하게 된다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 Honghai Jiang이 제안한 2치시스템에서의 input implict/output explicit 관계를 갖는 OVAG(Output Value Array Graph)를 사용하여 다치논리함수를 표현한다. 고리고 MDD 표현이 어려운 상황에서 MOVAG(Multi OVAG)를 사용하여 보다 쉽게 출력값을 배열하는 그래프를 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 MOVAG의 구성방법과 회로에서 MOVAG로의 변환에 대한 알고리즘을 제안하였고, 알고리즘에 의한 결과를 MDD와 비교하여 노드수 감소에 따르는 처리속도가 개선됨 을 검증하였다.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2013

Objective : There have been few comprehensive studies on the analysis of 24-hour HRV of major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to compare the autonomic nerve system of patients with a MDD with healthy patients and to examine the physiologic and clinical effects of 24-hour HRV by analyzing whether the HRV demonstrates the level of depressive symptoms after improving the symptoms in patients with a MDD. Methods : The 24-hour HRV was measured in patient groups with a MDD (n=16) and control groups (n=16). The patients with a MDD received the follow up test for two months after the treatment. Results : There were significant differences among the indexes (SDNN, rMSSD, SDNN index, and pNN50) of time-domain analysis and the indexes (TP, VLF, LF, HF, and ULF) of frequency-domain analysis of HRV between patient and control groups. The means of RR, SDNN, SDANN, and TP increased after two month of the treatment, comparing them with before the treatment, but there were no statistical significance. Conclusion : The results of 24-hour HRV analysis indicated significant decrease of HRV indexes among MDD patients which may suggest decrease of parasympathetic nervous functions.

• 스마트미디어저널
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2016

최근 대부분의 현대인들은 모바일 기기(스마트폰, 스마트워치, 태플릿 PC 등)를 한두 개 정도는 소유하고 있고, 모바일 기기들은 가전, 교통, 제조, 금융 등 인간 생활 전 분야에 영향을 주고 있다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 기기의 다양한 활용 분야 중 최근 화두가 되고 있는 핀테크(Fin-Tech) 분야의 모바일 결제 시스템에서 사용될 수 있는 모델 주도 개발(MDD) 기반 상호작용 개발 모델을 제안한다. 모델 주도 개발(MDD) 기반 플랫폼에 종속되지 않는 모델(PIM)을 이용하여 모바일 결제 앱 개발시 재사용할 수 있는 기기 간의 상호작용 모델을 제안한다. 모델 주도 개발(MDD) 기반 재사용 가능한 상호 작용 모델 개발에 사용할 모바일 응용프로그램으로는 비콘을 이용한 버스 요금 자동 결제 응용 프로그램을 분석하였다.