• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2015

Our body's immune system has defense mechanisms against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Immune responses are primarily initiated by the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs). In particular, TLR4 is well-characterized and is known to be activated by gram-negative bacteria and tissue damage signals. TLR4 requires myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) as a co-receptor to recognize its ligand, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is an extracellular membrane component of gram-negative bacteria. Gambogic acid is a xanthonoid isolated from brownish or orange resin extracted from Garcinia hanburyi. Its primary effect is tumor suppression. Since inflammatory responses are related to the development of cancer, we hypothesized that gambogic acid may regulate TLR4 activation. Our results demonstrated that gambogic acid decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-12, and $IL-1{\beta}$) in both mRNA and protein levels in bone marrow-derived primary macrophages after stimulation with LPS. Gambogic acid did not inhibit the activation of Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) induced by TBK1 overexpression in a luciferase reporter gene assay using IFN-${\beta}$-PRD III-I-luc. An in vitro kinase assay using recombinant TBK1 revealed that gambogic acid did not directly inhibit TBK1 kinase activity, and instead suppressed the binding of LPS to MD2, as determined by an in vitro binding assay and confocal microscopy analysis. Together, our results demonstrate that gambogic acid disrupts LPS interaction with the TLR4/MD2 complex, the novel mechanism by which it suppresses TLR4 activation.

• 정보보호학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2006

중국의 Wang 교수 등은 2004년부터 차분 공격을 이용하여 대표적인 해쉬함수인 MD4, MD5, RIPEMD, HAVAL, SHA-0에 대한 충돌쌍을 찾았다. 그들은 아직까지 SHA-1에 대한 충돌쌍을 찾지는 못했지만 생일 공격보다 빠른 방법으로 SHA-1의 충돌쌍을 찾을 수 있음을 이론적으로 보였으며 58단계 SHA-1(SHA-1의 전체는 80단계)에 대해서는 구체적인 충돌쌍을 찾았다. 본 논문에서는 Wang 교수 등이 개발한 차분 공격법에 대해서 살펴보기로 한다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the electromyography (EMG) activity for the middle deltoid (MD) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles in various shoulder abduction angles in patients with adhesive capsulitis (AC). METHODS: A total of 15 subjects participated in the study: 6 without AC (control group) and 9 with AC (AC group). The muscle activities of the UT and MD were measured using EMG during maximal static shoulder abductions in both groups. Each subject performed three repetitions of horizontal abduction at $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ of the shoulder abduction angle in a sitting position. The measurement data from the middle 3-seconds of the 5-second periods were used. The mean value of three separate sets of measurements was used in the data analysis. For each muscle, independent t-tests were performed to determine group differences. A measured repeated-measures ANOVA was performed using Bonferroni's post-hoc test. RESULTS: The muscle activity of the UT was significantly greater in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The muscle activity of the MD was significantly lower in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The greatest level of muscle activity for both the MD and UT was demonstrated at the $0-60^{\circ}$ and $0-90^{\circ}$ of shoulder abduction angles in the AC group. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that low muscle activation of the MD may contribute to hyperactivity of the UT during shoulder abduction in AC patients.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2016

Development of shale gas has drawn increasing attention since it is one of promising alternative energy resources. However, contamination of groundwater and surface water during the extraction of shale gas is becoming a serious environmental issues, which brings the needs to treat wastewater generated from hydraulic fracking. In this study, the feasibility of membrane distillation (MD) for the treatment of shale gas wastewater was investigated using a laboratory scale experimental setup. Flat-sheet MD membranes were used to treat produced water from a shale gas well in the United States. Different configurations such as direct contact MD (DCMD) and air gap MD (AGMD) were compared in terms of flux and fouling propensity. The foulants on the surface of the membranes were examined. The results suggest that MD can treat the shale gas produced water containing more than 200,000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, which is impossible by other technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO). In this study, we investigated the possibility of processing and characterization of shale gas produce wastewater using membrane distillation. Laboratory scale membrane distillation experimental device was developed. It was compared the flat-sheet direct contact membrane distillation and flat-sheet air gap membrane distillation. AGMD flux in lower than the flux of DCMD, it was expected that the contamination caused by organic matters.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1991

담배나방 유충에서 분리한 세포질다각체병 바이러스의 형태, 다각체 단백질 및 핵산의 전기영동상과 바이러스의 병원성을 조사하여 본 바이러스를 이용한 담배나방의 생물적 방제 이용성을 검토하고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 다각체의 형태는 외관상 6각형으로 0.5~3.7 ${\mu}m$ 크기이고 바이러스 입자는 정 20면체로 55nm였다. SDS-PAGE에 의한 다각체 단백질은 단일 롤리？타이드인 24.3 Kd와 5개의 작은 구성분으로 이루어졌다. 바이러스입자는 7개의 폴리？타이드로 구성되어 있으며 분자량은 28.0~133.6 Kd였다. 바이러스 게놈은 10개의 조각으로 된 총 분자량 18.08 Md인 이본쇄 RNA로 각 조각의 분자량 범위는 0.65~2.79 Md이였다. 3령 유충에 대한 담배나방 세포질 다각체병바이러스의 $LC_{50}$은 $2.895{\times}10^5PIBs/ml$이었으며 $5.0{\times}10^{6}PIBs/ml$의 농도에서 $LT_{50}$에서 16.4일이었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.675-702
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• 2023

Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of using Yijung-tang to treat chronic gastritis through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The search was conducted using keywords such as "gastritis", "Lizhong", "Yijung", and "Chronic gastritis" on July 31, 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted according to outcome measurements, such as total effective rate (TER), Traditional chinese medicine symptom score (TSS), gastric hormones, and symptom relief time, using the Review Manager website. Results: A total of 11 RCT studies were selected. The treatment group (Yijung-tang-gagam or Yijung-tang-gagam+Western medicine) showed significant improvement effects in terms of TER, TSS, serum gastrointestinal hormones (motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), and somatostatin (SS)), and symptom relief time compared to the control group (Western medicine). TER-RR : 1.20, 95% CI : 1.11 to 1.30, P≤0.00001, RR : 1.21, 95% CI : 1.14 to 1.28, P≤0.00001; MTL-MD : 35.99, 95% CI : 30.79 to 41.20, P≤0.00001); GAS-MD : 103.33, 95% CI : 97.62 to 109.04, P≤0.00001); SS : MD : -37.19, 95% CI : -41.75 to -32.64, P≤0.00001; symptom relief time (nausea)-MD : -1.96, 95% CI : -2.47 to -1.45, P≤0.00001; symptom relief time (colic)-MD : -1.75, 95% CI : -2.31 to -1.18, P≤0.00001. Conclusion: This study suggests that Yijung-tang is effective against chronic gastritis. However, the number of studies was insufficient, and the diagnosis and evaluation criteria were not standardized. Furthermore, because of the low quality of the included studies, more clinical studies need to be conducted to increase the possibility of clinical use.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.164-169
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• 1997

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed processing and feeding methods on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 pigs (LYD, 22.24 kg BW) were employed for a 90-d feeding trial. Treatments were 1) mash dry feeding (MD), 2) mash wet feeding (MW), 3) pellet dry feeding (PD), and 4) extruded pellet dry feeding (EPD). Corn, soybean meal and wheat bran in the basal diets were extruded before mixing and pelleting for EPD diet production. Ileal or fecal digestibility and carcass traits including lean meat percentage and weights of stomach ulcer were also examined. During the growing period, pigs fed PD showed improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F/G) over those fed MD, whereas no significant differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) were found among dietary treatments. Finisher pigs fed MD showed lover, but not significant, ADG and F/G than those fed MW, PD or EPD. For the overall period, pigs fed PD grew faster (p < 0.05) than those fed MD or EPD. Feed intake was different between the two feeding methods (MD vs MW), and between the two processed feeds (PD vs EPD). The digestibility of crude fat was higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed EPD than in pigs fed mash feeds. NFE digestibility of EPD treatment was also higher (p < 0.05) than that of PD. Back fat (10th rib area) was thicker (p < 0.05) tn pigs fed MD than in pigs fed EPD. other carcass traits including incidence of esophagogastric ulcers were not different among treatments. In conclusion, pelleting appeared to bo the desirable processing methods and wet feeding could also be recommended for growing-finishing pigs.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was done out to evaluate the effects of Sida rhombifolia methanol extract (SRM) on diabetes in moderately diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: SRM was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% methanol and rota evaporating the methanol from the extract. Effective hypoglycemic doses were established by performing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in normal rats. Hourly effects of SRM on glucose were observed in the MD and the SD rats. Rats were grouped, five rats to a group, into normal control 1 (NC1), MD control 1 (MDC1), MD experimental 1 (MDE1), SD control 1 (SDC1), and SD experimental 1 (SDE1) groups. All rats in the control groups were administered 1 mL of distilled water (DW). The rats in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups were administered SRM orally at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, dissolved in 1 mL of DW. Blood was collected initially and at intervals of 1 hour for 6 hours to measure blood glucose. A similar experimental design was followed for the 30-day long-term trial. Finally, rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected to measure blood glucose, lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: OGTTs indicated that two doses (200 and 300 mg/kg BW) were effective hypoglycemic doses in normal rats. Both doses reduced glucose levels after 1 hour in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups. A long-term trial of SRM in the MD group showed a reduced glucose level, a normal lipid profile, and normal GSH and TBARS levels. In SD rats, SRM had no statistically significant effects on these parameters. Normal weight was achieved in the MD rats, but the SD rats showed reduced BW. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SRM has potential to alleviate the conditions of moderate diabetic, but not severe diabetes.

• 치과방사선
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1990

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the hard and soft tissue profile and comparison of the both sexes in Korean adults using roentgenocephalometry. The subjects were 122 males and 116 females from 18 to 22 years of age selected on the basis of their excellent occlusion and harmonious profile. It was an investigation about the interrelationships in the angles which consisted of Frankfort horizontal plane (FH plane), Sella Nasion plane (SN plane), Nasal floor plane (NF plane) and Mandibular plane (Md plane) as reference planes, and of the axial inclinations of the upper anterior tooth to Nasal floor plane (NF Plane) and of the lower anterior tooth to Mandibular plane (Md Plane). Among the 14 categories estabilishied on the soft tissue land marks, the 6 categories were studied for the relationship to Frankfort horizontal plane (FH Plane), and the 8 categories were studied for the soft tissue contour. The results were as follows: 1. Among 8 measured angles in the hard tissue, the angle of FH-Md, NF-Md and SN-Md were greater in females than in males. 2. The axial inclinations of the anterior teeth to NF Plane and Md plane were slightly greater in males than In females. 3. Among 14 measured angles in the soft tissue, the angles of G-Sn-P and E-Pog-Sn were greater in males, and FH-G-Sn, GㆍSn-Sn. Pog and Pog-Sn-P were greater in females. 4. In males, the variability of measured values in both lips region were high.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.300-301
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• 2002

Of many modalities for measuring output factor, we measured the outputs of 18mm, 14mm, 8mm and 4mm helmet in Gamma knife using ion chambers and a Gafrcromic MD-55 film and normalized the outputs of four helmets the one of a 18mm helmet. Ion chambers used for this paper were a PR-05P and a PinPoint having a volume of 0.07cc and 0.015cc respectively. The recommended output factors from a manufacture were 1, 0.984, 0.956, and 0.87. For PR-05P, the output factor of 14mm helmet showed a good agreement, but the ones of 8mm and 4mm helmet showed the difference of 4.6% and 47% respectively. For PinPoint, The output factors of 14mm and 8mm helmet showed a good agreement, but the one of a 4mm helmet showed a difference of 18%. The Gafcromic MD-55, however, showed a good agreement for all helmets.