• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2008

Objectives : Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) is a herb decoction prescribed frequently for stroke patients. The present study investigated neuroprotective effects of Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) against the ischemic damage of the rat brain. Neuronal cell death under the cerebral ischemia is distinguished with the delayed cell death through apoptosis. Consequently, the effects of Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) was evaluated with Bax and Bcl-2 expressions as apoptosis related factors in the brain tissues. Methods : The ischemic damage was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Water extract of Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) was treated for 5 days after the MCAO. Neurological scores and infarct size with TTC were measured. Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in the brain tissues were observed with immunohistochemistry. Results : Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) treatment improved neurological score significantly at 5 days after the MCAO. Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) treatment decreased infarct size by the MCAO, but it was not significant statistically. Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) treatment attenuated Bax positive neurons significantly in the cerebral penumbra and the caudate putamen. Bcl-2 positive neurons were increased, but not significant. Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) treatment increased Bcl-2/Bax expression ratios significantly in the cerebral penumbra and the caudate putamen. Conclusions : These results suggest that Sunghyangjungki-san(Xingxiangzhengqi-san) has a neuroprotective effect on the stroke with modulation of apoptosis related factors.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2003

The goal of this study is to investigate whether Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus can protect nerve cells against ischemic neuronal damage is caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats' brains and to investigate whether the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus is concerned with IEGs(immediate early genes) expression. Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus(l00mg/kg) was administered immediately after 2 hours of MCAO and maintained for 7 days. On 7th days after 2 hours of MCAO, the brains of rats were sliced through the hippocampus. c-Fos immunohistochemistry stain and Cresyl violet stain were done for microscopic examination. Each number of viable neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells in CA1 was counted. The density of neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased in MCAO-operated ischemic rats compared to that sham-operated rats. Administration of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus group significantly elevated MCAO-induced decrease in density of neurons, and elevated MCAO-induced decrease in c-Fos immunoreactive cells. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus against focal cerebral ischemia. Also, we hypothesized that neuroprotective mechanism of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus is related to IEGs expression.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.9
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• 2023

Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound with a potent neuroprotective effect. γ-enolase is a phosphopyruvate hydratase found in mature neurons and plays an important role in neuronal survival. This study investigated whether chlorogenic acid regulates the expression of γ-enolase during cerebral ischemia. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce cerebral ischemia. Adult male rats were used and chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected intraperitoneally 2 hours after MCAO surgery. Cerebral cortical tissues were collected 24 hours after MCAO surgery. Our proteomic approach identified the reduction of γ-enolase caused by MCAO damage and the mitigation of this reduction by chlorogenic acid treatment. Results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses showed a decrease in γ-enolase expression in the PBS-treated MCAO group. However, chlorogenic acid treatment attenuated this decrease. Results of immunofluorescence staining showed the change of γ-enolase by chlorogenic acid treatment. These results demonstrated that chlorogenic acid regulates the γ-enolase expression during MCAO-induced ischemia. Therefore, we suggest that chlorogenic acid mediates the neuroprotective function by regulating the γ-enolase expression in cerebral ischemia and may be used as a therapeutic agent for brain diseases including stroke.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.44-52
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• 2009

It is known that individual factors as cognitive, perception, emotion, and motivation may greatly influence on recovery from neurologic region. This study was to investigate the effects of environmental reinforcement through motivation to perform the tasks voluntarily on motor and cognition function in rats with focal ischemic brain injury. Focal ischemic brain injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (15 rats, $250{\pm}50$ g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). And then, experiment groups were randomly divided into three groups; The control group: MCAo induction ($n_1$=5), the environmental reinforcement (ER) group: the application for ER after MCAo induction ($n_2$=5), the environmental reinforcement through motivation (ERM) group: the application for ERM after MCAo induction ($n_3$=5). The climbing test (CT) and the modified limb placing tests (MLPTs) to measure the motor function and the Morris water maze acquisition test (MWMAT) and the Morris water maze retention test (MWMRT) to measure the cognitive function were performed. For the CT, the ERM group was significantly larger than the ER group. For the MLPTs, the ERM group was significantly decreased compared to other groups. For the MWMAT, the time to find the circular platform in the ERM group significantly decreased compared to other groups. For the MWMRT, the time to dwell on the quadrant circular platform in the ERM group was significantly increased compared to other groups. These results suggested that the ERM could improve the motor and cognitive functions in the rats with focal ischemic brain injury.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.204-212
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• 2003

Current therapy for acute ischemic stroke is highly focused on neuroprotective agents, and many herbal medicines have been challenged for experimental models. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Angelicae gigantis Radix can protect nerve cells against ischemic neural damage of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats' brains. Rats were treated with Angelicae gigantis Radix immediately after 2 hours of MCAO for 7 days. On the 7th day, the brains of the rats were sliced through the hippocampus and dyedby c-Fos immunohistochemistry stain and cresyl violet stain for microscopic examination. The number of viable neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells in CA1 regions was counted. MCAO caused significant decrease in density of neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells compared to those of sham-operated rats. Administration of Angelicae gigantis Radix significantly elevated MCAO-induced decrease in density of neurons and c-Fos immunoreactive cells. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of Angelicae gigantis Radix against focal cerebral ischemia is related to c-Fos gene expression. Thus, these findings indicate that Angelicae gigantis Radix can be used for treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.53-68
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• 2009

Objectives: This study demonstrates the neurological effects of Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang on the focal cerebral ischemia of rats with ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Rats were treated with Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang extracts for about five days after MCAO, and the size and volume of cerebral infarction and the ratio of cerebral edema were observed. From the immunohistochemical view, significant changes of outbreak of Bax, Bcl-2, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS were observed in the brain tissues. Results: Bojungikki-tang repressed only brain edema and iNOS revelation led by focal cerebral ischemia, when considering significance. In contrast, Bojungikki-tang-gamibang demonstrated significant suppression of cerebral infarction, brain edema, Bax, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS induced by focal cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: Bojungikki-tang is considered functional treatment for cerebral ischemic damage; it can be effective to relieve secondary brain edema and immune response. Bojungikki-tang-gamibang can have a direct function to alleviate brain infarct and to control the natural death of nerve cells which cerebral ischemic damage brings about.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.4-11
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• 2019

Objectives: Although intraoral balancing appliance therapy has been used effective to several diseases, verification studies through cerebral diseases are poorly reported so far. Thus we investigated the effect of tooth-cut induced dental malocclusion against mouse model of ischemic stroke. Methods: Tooth-cut and 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were loaded to C57BL/6 male mice, and total infarct area, neurological deficit scores (NDS), histological change of hippocampal region were observed. Production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cerebral tissue were also measured. Results: The longer the tooth-cut period, the greater the area of cerebral infarction caused by MCAO, and NDS began to increase as the tooth was cut, and the results were more negative when MCAO was loaded. Histological change of hippocampal cells was significant when tooth-cut was maintained for 7 days. Those damages were thought to depend on the generation of ROS and iNOS in brain tissue. Conclusions: Since tooth-cut increased total area of cerebral infarction due to MCAO in mice, it is able to be confirmed that anomaly of the temporomandibular occlusion can affect neurological diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

Objectives: Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract is clinically used in Korea to treat ischemic cerebral damage. The present study was undertaken to study the neuroprotective effect of Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Methods: Changes of extracellular levels of dopamine, DOPAC, HVA. and HIAA in striatum were collected at 20 minutes interval by in vivo microdialysis and then analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by 2 hours of MCAO. Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract was orally administrated before MCAO. Different animals were used for measurement of cerebral infarction volume induced by 24 hours of MCAO with TIC staining and image analysis. Results: Extracellular levels of dopamine decreased after treatment with Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract, while extracellular levels of DOPAC and HVA significantly increased. Cerebral infarction volume also significantly decreased after treatment with Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract. Conclusions: These results provided evidence that Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus extract can produce a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia by regulating extracellular excitatory neurotransmitters.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.185-196
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• 2007

Objective : This experimental Study was designed to investigate the effects of FOENICULI FRUCTUS(FF) on the change of inhibition lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in neuronal cells and cytokines production in serum of cerebral ischemic rats. Method : FOENICULI FRUCTUS(FF)freeze dry powder and FF on the LDH activity in neuronal cells. Changes of FF on the physiological parameters(PaO2, PaCO2, MABP and HR) in crerbral ischemic rats. Effects of FF on the IL-1beta production, $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, $TGF-{\beta}$ production, and IL-10 in serum of cerebral ischemic rats. MCAO :. cytokines production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after MCAO 1 hr. Reperfusion : cytokines production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after reperfusion 1 hr. Results and Conclusion : 1. FF did not inhibit lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in neuronal cells. 2. In serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after middle cerebral arterial occlusion(MCAO) 1 hr and reperfusion 1 hr, sample group was significantly decreased $IL-l{\beta}$ production compared with control group 3. In serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after MCAO 1 hr and reperfusion 1 hr, sample group was significantly decreased $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with control group. 4. In serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after MCAO 1 hr and reperfusion 1 hr, sample group was significantly increased $TGF-{\beta}$ production compared with control group. 5. In serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after reperfusion 1 hr, sample group was significantly increased IL-10 production compared with control group. This results were suggested that FF had inhibitive effect on the brain damage by inhibited LDH activity, $IL-l{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$production, but accelerated $TGF-{\beta}$ production and IL-10 production.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2007

Purpose: To investigate and analyze effects of environmental enrichment(EE) and nerve stimulation that follows in application times with change of functional recovery(1, 3, 7 and 14 days). Methods: Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in 100 Sprauge-Dawley rats through middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO). Neurobehavioral assessment were selected, such as tilting plane testing, horizontal wire testing, vestibulomotor function testing and complex neuromotor function test, then they were randomly divided into five groups; Group I : Sham group, Group II: MCAO group, Group III: MCAO and ES group, Group IV: MCAO and EE group, Group V: MCAO and EE and ES group. Results: In neurobehavioral assessment, group V were significantly difference from other groups on between-subject effects. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in focal ishemic brain injury, combined environmental enrichment and peripheral nerve electrical stimulation is more improved that the improvement of exercise function recovery than non treatment group.