• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 1979

Two interview surveys (1976 for 800 patients, 1978 for 200 patients) and an inventory survey through medical records(1978) for epileptic patients who have registered with the Korean Epilepsy Association (Rose Club) since 1971 were carried out by trained health workers in advance of survey. The data obtained from the analysis showed as follows: 1) 35.2% of patients were born in Seoul and 70. 6% of patients born elsewhere have lived in Seoul. 2) 50-60% of patients were 15-30 years cid. 3) 33.4%, 24,6 and 24.6 of all pupils and students went to elementary, junior and senior high schools respectively. 4) 21.2% of all pupils and students had dropped out of school and 51.4% of them were away from school because of epilepsy. 5) 3.1% of all patients had no job at all and students comprised 20.9% of patients followed by clerical work, commercial business and farming with about 6% in each group.6) Reasons given for unemployment such as dismissal (4.3%), quit (27.7%), hesitation to employ (42.5%)and discontinuance of job (25.5%) were basically due to epilepsy. 7) About half(46.2%) of all patients have become Christian since the Rose Club was a voluntary agency which has been sponsored by Christians. 8) 82. 6% of patients were diagnosed as having grand mal as the most. 9) 29.4% of patients explained aura with psychomotor disturbances and 13.8% with sensory disorders. 10) 46.3% of patients were attacked with seizures when they were tired and others(11.6% and 4.9%) after excessive eating and hunger. 11) Patients suffered more seizures in spring and summer rather than in autumn and winter and most patients had attacks 1-5 times a month. 12) For etiologic reasons of epilepsy, 35.5% of patients considered it was caused by psychological stress and 11.5% by trauma. Only 1.1% of patients considered it as having hereditary components. 13) 51% of patients were slow in caring for their own illnesses. They started to reat epilepsy after spending 5 years of time from the initial seizure. Only 5.4% of patients had received the modern anti-epileptic therapy right after the nitial seizure. 14) 62.1% of patients had no therapy or irregular or incomplete treatment before registration at the Rose Club Clinic. 15) Before registration at the Rose Club, 42.4% of patients received medical care. On the other hand, 25.6% went to herb doctors and 12.5% used to go to the drugstore in order to get anti-epileptic drugs. 16) 41. 6% of patients who took anti-epileptic drugs had more or less side-effects. Indigestion was the most common. 17) For continuation of treatment, 30.3% have received treatment for more than 5 years and the evident showed that epilepsy took a longer time to be cured. 18) Regarding the medical care received 44.2% of patients were very satisfied with effective care and 26.5% felt as good. 19) For attitudes toward epilepsy. 27.0% of patients and 68.2% of patients family were pessimistic. 20) 65.9% of patients had optimistic attitudes toward effectiveness of medical care of epilepsy. 21) 64.8% of wives and husbands had better understanding and cooperative for their spouses who had epilepsy. 22) 33.3% of patients were under-treated at the place of work. 23) 70.2% of patients wished to marry when they reach childbearing age and 63% wished to have children. Through the above results it is recommended for nation-wide epilepsy control that the sound and correct health education not only from health aspect but also from welfare aspect should be planned and implemented as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2008

From the 4 sampling stations located in the basin of the Han River, total 46 strains of Enterococcus spp. composed of 15 E. faecium strains, 26 E. casseliflavus strains, 1 E. faecalis strain and 4 E. hirae strains were isolated. Among the 46 strains, 45 strains exhibited streptomycin-resistance, while 21 and 19 stains were resistant against tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin, respectively. As for gentamicin and vancomycin, 15 strains and 1 strain showed resistance against the respective antimicrobial agents. Among the 46 strains, 39 strains showed resistance against more than 2 antimicrobial agents, and 10 strains demonstrated resistance to more than 5 antimicrobial agents. Especially, the strain isolated from the station C at Anyangcheon, exhibited resistance against all the 8 kinds of the antimicrobial agents. As the sampling site approached to the lower stream of the Han-river, the antibiotic resistant strains and the multi-drug resistant strains were detected more frequently. The MIC values of the antibiotic resistant strains measured by the disc diffusion method disclosed that 16 strains possessed maximum MIC value of 4,096 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$ against streptomycin and 17 strains possessed maximum MIC value of 2,048 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$ against gentamicin. Meanwhile, 1 strain exhibited maximum MIC value of 5121 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$ against vancomycin. As for quinupristin/dalfopristin and tetracycline, 2 and 33 strains showed maximum MIC value of 641 ${\mu}g$ mL$^{-1}$, respectively. Comparison of the MIC values of the strains of the this study with those of the strains of the other research groups isolated from the hospital drainage and also those from the live stock farm drainage indicated that the strains resistant against vancomycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin may be originated from the livestock farm drainage.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze causality among sleep apnea, depression and cognitive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 105 patients with sleep apnea and snoring who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). We analyzed various biological data, sleep variables (sleep duration and percentage) and respiratory variables [arousal index (AI), periodic leg movement index (PLM index), snoring Index (SI), mean SpO2, minimum SpO2, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and respiratory disturbance index (RDI)]. We also analyzed various data by sleep, cognition, and mood related scales: Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), snoring index by scale (SIS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean (Moca-K), Mini-mental State Examination-Korean (MMSE-K), clinical dementia rating (CDR), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We analyzed causation among sleep, and respiratory, mood, and cognition related scales in obstructive sleep apnea patients. We analyzed the mediating effects of depression on sleep apnea patient cognition. Results: As Duration N1 increased and Total sleep time (TST) decreased, MOCA-K showed negative causality (p < 0.01). As BDI and supine RDI increased, causality was negatively related to MOCA-K (p < 0.01). As PSQI (p < 0.001) and SIS (p < 0.01) increased and as MMSE-K (p < 0.01) decreased, causality was positively related to BDI. BDI was found to mediate the effect of age on MOCA-K in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusion: Duration N1, total sleep time, BDI, and supine RDI were associated with cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Depression measured by BDI partially mediated cognitive decline in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.7
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• pp.5-19
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• 1983

Sacredotal robe(法服) means full court dress. We can't know about the shape of sacredotal robe before Dae-Han Empire(大韓帝國) since there are no remains of it. The study of sacredotal robe for queen have also been made centering around the socredotal robe granted from Ming(明) dynasty and the system of Juck-Eui(翟衣) in Dae-Han Empire. In this thesis I tried to study about the sacredotal robe for queen from King Gong-Min(恭愍王) of Koryeo(高麗) dynasty to the close the Cho-Sun(朝鮮) dynasty by investigating the Literature of Cho-sun Dynasty Chronicles(朝鮮王朝實錄), Ga Rae Do Gam Eui Gue(嘉禮都監儀軌), Sang Bang Jung Rae(尙方定例), Gook Hon Jung Rae(國婚定例), Sok-Orae Eui-Bo(續五禮儀補), and Dae Myung Whe Jeon(大明會典). The first documents on sacredotal robe for queen is regarded as that in the period of King Gong Min., which says that Chil Whee Gu Bong Gwan and Juck Eui of the 9th grade had been given from Ming dynasty. The sacredotal robe for queen in Chosun had been granted from Ming dynasty since the 3th years of King Tae-Jo(太祖) to the 3th years of King In-Jo(仁祖). They were Ju Chui Chil Juck Gwan, red Dae Sam(大衫), Bae Ja(褙子) embroidered with. pheasants on blue silk, and ivory flat baton (笏), which belonged to the court dress for the first class of court lady. When Qing(淸) dynasty succeeded to Ming dynasty, Cho-sun adopted the system of luck Eui which had it's origin in the system of Ming, denying to comply with Chung. But as a matter of fact, the system of sacredotal robe for queen actually used was one which were different from the dress system of Ming and converted into our national ways. In the latter period. of Cho-sun, the system of Bae Ja or Juck Eui were used together until the period of King Young Jo(英祖), and the system of Juck Eui which was written in Gook Hon Jung Rae was continually used from King Young Jo to the close of Cho-sun. It was composed of Juck Eui, Beol Eui(別衣), Nae Eui(內衣), Pe Sool(蔽膝), Dae Dae(大帶), HaPi, Sang(裳), Ok Dae(玉帶), Pae Ok(佩玉), Gue(圭), Mal(襪), Suk, and Myun sa(面紗), The headdress was used in our own ways, not complying with Juck Gwan(翟冠). The color of Juck Eui was red for queen, deep blue for the consort of the crown prince. The color of Juck Eui in DaHan Empire was deep blue, different from that of Juck Eui in Cho-sun. Bo(補) for queen wus embroidered with dragon with five claws and the one for the consort of crown prince with dragon with four claws. The back length of Juck Eui was longer than front about 28cm (1尺), and the front opening was straight down. 51 motifs of a brace of pheasants which were similiar to Bong(鳳) were embroidered on Juck Eui for queen. But we can't find out whether there 31 or 51 on Juck Eui for the consort of the crown prince. The system shows independant aspects, because there are Bo, Myun Sa, Sang, Ha Pi, Beol Eui, and Nae Eui which were not found in the system of Ming. As mentioned above, I have studied on the sacredotal robe for queen. But we can't guess the detail of sacredotal robe for queen, because there are no remains at all. Therefore I expect more study on this.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.7-11
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• 1999

Fully sealed field emission display in size of 4.5 inch has been fabricated using single-wall carbon nanotubes-organic vehicle com-posite. The fabricated display were fully scalable at low temperature below 415$^{\circ}C$ and CNTs were vertically aligned using paste squeeze and surface rubbing techniques. The turn-on fields of 1V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and field emis-sion current of 1.5mA at 3V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (J=90${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$)were observed. Brightness of 1800cd/$m^2$ at 3.7V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was observed on the entire area of 4.5-inch panel from the green phosphor-ITO glass. The fluctuation of the current was found to be about 7% over a 4.5-inch cath-ode area. This reliable result enables us to produce large area full-color flat panel dis-play in the near future. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention because of their unique elec-trical properties and their potential applica-tions [1, 2]. Large aspect ratio of CNTs together with high chemical stability. ther-mal conductivity, and high mechanical strength are advantageous for applications to the field emitter [3]. Several results have been reported on the field emissions from multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) grown from arc discharge [4, 5]. De Heer et al. have reported the field emission from nan-otubes aligned by the suspension-filtering method. This approach is too difficult to be fully adopted in integration process. Recently, there have been efforts to make applications to field emission devices using nanotubes. Saito et al. demonstrated a car-bon nanotube-based lamp, which was oper-ated at high voltage (10KV) [8]. Aproto-type diode structure was tested by the size of 100mm $\times$ 10mm in vacuum chamber [9]. the difficulties arise from the arrangement of vertically aligned nanotubes after the growth. Recently vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have been synthesized using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(CVD) [6, 7]. Yet, control of a large area synthesis is still not easily accessible with such approaches. Here we report integra-tion processes of fully sealed 4.5-inch CNT-field emission displays (FEDs). Low turn-on voltage with high brightness, and stabili-ty clearly demonstrate the potential applica-bility of carbon nanotubes to full color dis-plays in near future. For flat panel display in a large area, car-bon nanotubes-based field emitters were fabricated by using nanotubes-organic vehi-cles. The purified SWNTs, which were syn-thesized by dc arc discharge, were dispersed in iso propyl alcohol, and then mixed with on organic binder. The paste of well-dis-persed carbon nanotubes was squeezed onto the metal-patterned sodalime glass throuhg the metal mesh of 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and subse-quently heat-treated in order to remove the organic binder. The insulating spacers in thickness of 200${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ are inserted between the lower and upper glasses. The Y\ulcornerO\ulcornerS:Eu, ZnS:Cu, Al, and ZnS:Ag, Cl, phosphors are electrically deposited on the upper glass for red, green, and blue colors, respectively. The typical sizes of each phosphor are 2~3 micron. The assembled structure was sealed in an atmosphere of highly purified Ar gas by means of a glass frit. The display plate was evacuated down to the pressure level of 1$\times$10\ulcorner Torr. Three non-evaporable getters of Ti-Zr-V-Fe were activated during the final heat-exhausting procedure. Finally, the active area of 4.5-inch panel with fully sealed carbon nanotubes was pro-duced. Emission currents were character-ized by the DC-mode and pulse-modulating mode at the voltage up to 800 volts. The brightness of field emission was measured by the Luminance calorimeter (BM-7, Topcon).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.643-650
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• 2007

It has been known that Samultang has positive effects on blood circulation and erythrocyte formation. Samultang was composed of four ingredients, Angelica gigas Nikai, Rahmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, and Cnidium officinale Makino. Five types of bread were prepared by replacing water with Samultang for dough proportionally. Control (C) did not have Samultang and the other four experimental bread contained Samultang: S-I (25% of water was substituted by Samultang), S-II (50% substituted), S-III (75% substituted), and S-IV (100% substituted). Moisture, protein, and ash contents of Samultang were $97.34{\pm}0.11%,\;0.42{\pm}0.04%,\;and\;1.40{\pm}0.16%$, respectively. Replacing water with Samultang decreased pH and increased significantly wet gluten content of the dough. Substitution of Samultang for water incremented redness and yellowness of the dough and bread and increased hardness. It also raised the contents of ash and protein. Although it was not significant, in addition, moisture loss of the bread during storage seemed to be lessened by replacing water with Samultang. However, total volume and specific loaf volume of the bread, baking loss rate, and the other textural characteristics except hardness were not affected by substituting water with Samultang. Due to the above results, sensory evaluation of volume and gumminess of the bread were improved significantly by substituting Samultang for water. The bread replaced 25% of the water with Samultang was ranked as the best by the test of sensory evaluation. These results imply that adding Samultang instead of water to dough for bread might bring positive effects on quality characteristics of the bread without any adverse influences. Therefore, it might be worth developing functional bread using Samultang.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.21-36
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• 1970

This studies have been carried out to 3nd various causes of cleanness defects on raw silk which has been increased since 1967 in Korea, so that this treatise may be a guide inform action to improve such a defect in future. The cocoon treatment for the proposed work was carried starting with in worst condition to find the critical limit of degrading through such a work. And various analysis have been also worked out using the annual silk testing data past a few years. The results obtained are as follows. 1. There was a great relationship between cleanness and neatness result. 2. Cleanness result is greatly influenced by mounting conditions and handling of cocoons, which brought 40 percent lower as cleanness result than standard ones in which caused minor defects, especially loops and split ends, so the bad mounting conditions and handling of fresh cocoons degraded raw silk from 4A grade to E. 3. The use of good water quality brought the difference of 1.04 percent in cleanness result rather than the use of bad one. 4. Well technical work brought the difference of 0.86 percent in cleanness result rather than poor technical work. 5, Satisfactory cocoon drying installation brought the difference of 1.97 percent in cleanness result rather than insufficient one. 6. Automatic reeling machine marked lower 1,55 percent in cleanness result than multi-end reeling machine. 7. The degrading of cleanness result from 1965 year silk to 1969 year silk marked 1.99 percent, which almost responds to the degrading rate from good to poor cocoon drying installed cleanness results. In view of this result, nowadays, insufficient cocoon drying installation may be main factor to be worse cleanness result of Korean raw silk. 8. The factors of cleanness defect in raw silk once supplied with cocoon into factory are water quality, technique evaluation, cocoon drying capacity and s： reeling machine. The relationship between cleanness result and above factors are as follows. cleanness result＝neatness result＋1.6－1.04(1－a)－1.97(1－b)－0.86(1-c)＋1.55${\times}$d a： The successive we ratio of water quality (0\longrightarrowl) b： The successive ratio of satisfactory cocoon drying installation (0\longrightarrowl) c： The successive ratio of well technical work (0\longrightarrowl) d： 1 in case multi-end reeling machine o in case automatic reeling machine 9, It is not admitted that there is heavy relationship between cleanness occurrence and nonbreaking reel ability. That mal$.$ be sowed with silk reeling technique. 10. The bad mounting conditions caused the worse result on the cocoon quality as much as cleanness. 11. Besides mounting conditions, there may be another factors affecting on the low reel ability of cocoons in Korea.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 1997

Purpose : This is study of whether 3-D conformal radiotherapy for carcino-mas of the ethmoid sinus were better than those treated with conventional 2-D plan, Materials and Methods : The 3-D conformal treatment Plans were compared with conventional 2-D plans in 4 patients with malignancy of the ethmoid sinus. Isodose distribution, dose statistics, and dose volume histogram of the planning target volume were used to evaluate differences between 2-D and 3-D plans. In addition. the risk of radiation exposure of surrounding normal critical organs are evaluated by means of point dose calculation and dose volume histogram. Results : 3-D conformal treatment plans for each patient that the better tumor coverages by the planning target volume with improved dose homo-geneity, compared to 2-D conventional treatment Plans in the same Patient. On the other hand, the radiation dose distributions to the surrounding nor-mal tissue organs, such as the orbit and optic nerves are not significantly reduced with our technique, but a substantial sparing in the brain stem and optic chiasm for each patient. Conclusion : Our findings represented the potential advantage of 3-D treatment planning for dose homogeniety as well as sparing of the normal tissue surrounding the tumor. However, further investigational studies are required to define the clinical benefit.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.409-415
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• 2001

Background : Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) in patients is mainly caused by acquired drug resistance. However, a small proportion of MDR-TB is caused by initial drug resistance(IDR), which may be somewhat different from acquired drug resistance. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of IDR in MDR -TB patients to use the results as basic data in managing the disease. Methods : A retrospective study of 30 IDR cases in MDR-TB patients from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1998 was performed. In order to analyze the clinical characteristics, the age, sex, family history, duration of negative conversion, number of resistant drugs, treatment regimens, duration of treatment, extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray was examined. In order to analyze the level of improvement, the extent of the disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray, tested by Wilcoxon signed rank sum test, and the disease free interval rate of 1-year and 4-year was examined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results : The mean age of the patients was 46.6 years and the sex ratio 1:1. Six(20%) patients had a family history. The mean negative conversion of the sputum AFB stain was 2.6 months. The number of resistant drugs was 7.6 and the number of used drugs 3.6. Twenty-three(67%) patients were treated for less than 12months and 28(93%) patients were treated with first-line drugs. The extent of the disease and the cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improved after treatment(p<.05). Among 13 patients who were followed up for 22.6 months, 2(15%) patients relapsed and the disease free interval rate of I-year and 4-year was 85%. Conclusion: It is recommended that the duration of treatment of IDR in MDR-TB with first-line drugs be 9-12 months even if the extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improves.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.693-700
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• 1996

Background : Antituberculous therapy is set a short-term therpy used isoniazid(INH), rifampin(RFP), ethambutol(EMB), pyrazinamide(PZA) from 1970s' and treatment rate has been very improved. But drug interruption or irregular medication due to side effects and resistance of drug are serious problem to retreatment cases, specially. Ofloxasine(OFX), developed from Quinolone at 1980's is effective not only other respiratory infectious disease but also pulmonary tube rculosis. And this is useful drug instead of injection agents for retreatment patients who have side effects to other drugs, lived far distance from medical clinics. So, we will evaluate theffectiveness as four oral drugs involving OFX. Method : A retrospective study was made through the regular follow up of smear positive cases,who treated by four drug, namely, prothionamide (PTA) cycloserine(CS), OFX, paraminosalicylic acid(pAS). Results: 1) Out of 66case with positive sputum AFB smear, 42(64%)cases achieved the negative conversion. 2) Considering the negative conversion in all group, 34 case (52%) of sputum conversion occured within first 6 months, on the extent of diease was minimal, moderate, far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, sputum AFB smear negative response to treatment was 100%, 78%, 46% respectively. 3) The roentgenological improvement occured in 38(58%), extent of diease was minimal, moderately, far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, Roentgenological improvement to retreatment was 75%, 64%, 46%. 4) When the drnation of patients illness was less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years, 3 10 5 years and more than 5 years, sputum AFB smear negative response to retreatment was 100%, 88%, 80%, 52 %. 5) On side effects, major problems are gastrointestinal troubles, mild liver function abnormality, psychotic problemes, and skin problem(urticaria, itching sensation). Conclusion : The duration & extents of patients illness was shorter & minimal, sputum AFB smear negative response rate was better. Radiologic response is better as shorter duration and minimal extent of diease. But, as diease is longer duration & far advanced, sputum negative conversion & Roentgenological improvement is poor and limited. The adverse reaction was mainly observed gastrointestinal troubles(indigestion, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and are well controled by symptomatic management in most patients, as regard to tolerance to the secondary drugs.