• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.419-426
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• 2001

The stochiometric $AgGaSe_2$ polycrystalline mixture of evaporating materials for the $AgGaSe_2$ single crystal thin film was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $AgGaSe_2$ mixed crystal and semi-insulating GaAs(100) wafer were used as source material and substrate for the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system, respectively. The source and substrate temperature were fixed at$ 630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The thickness of grown single crystal thin films is 2.1$\mu\textrm{m}$. The single crystal thin films were investigated by photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction(DCXD) measurement. The carrier density and mobility of AgGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $4.89\Times10^{17}$ cm$^{-3}$ , 129cm2/V.s at 293K, respectively. From the Photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the AgGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $$\Delta$S_{o}$ and the crystal field splitting $\Delta$C$_{r}$, were 0.1762eV and 0.2474eV at 10K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement of AgGaSe$_2$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excision (EX) observable only in high quality crystal and neutral bound exciton ($D^{o}$ , X) having very strong peak intensity. And, the full width at half maximum and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8mev and 14.1meV, respectively. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 141 meV.ion energy of impurity was 141 meV.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.9-9
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• 2014

Null mutants generated by targeted gene replacement are frequently used to reveal function of the genes in fungi. However, targeted gene deletions may be difficult to obtain or it may not be applicable, such as in the case of redundant or lethal genes. Constitutive expression system could be an alternative to avoid these difficulties and to provide new platform in fungal functional genomics research. Here we developed a novel platform for functional analysis genes in Magnaporthe oryzae by constitutive expression under a strong promoter. Employing a binary vector (pGOF1), carrying $EF1{\beta}$ promoter, we generated a total of 4,432 transformants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. We have analyzed a subset of 54 transformants that have the vector inserted in the promoter region of individual genes, at distances ranging from 44 to 1,479 bp. These transformants showed increased transcript levels of the genes that are found immediately adjacent to the vector, compared to those of wild type. Ten transformants showed higher levels of expression relative to the wild type not only in mycelial stage but also during infection-related development. Two transformants that T-DNA was inserted in the promotor regions of putative lethal genes, MoRPT4 and MoDBP5, showed decreased conidiation and pathogenicity, respectively. We also characterized two transformants that T-DNA was inserted in functionally redundant genes encoding alpha-glucosidase and alpha-mannosidase. These transformants also showed decreased mycelial growth and pathogenicity, implying successful application of this platform in functional analysis of the genes. Our data also demonstrated that comparative phenotypic analysis under over-expression and suppression of gene expression could prove a highly efficient system for functional analysis of the genes. Our over-expressed transformants library would be a valuable resource for functional characterization of the redundant or lethal genes in M. oryzae and this system may be applicable in other fungi.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2003

The cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of tiletamine/zolazepam(TZ, 10 mg/kg IV), xylazine-tiletamine /zolazepam(XTZ, X: 1.1 mg/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) and medetomid-ine-tiletamine/zolazepam(MTZ, M: 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg IM, TZ: 10 mg/kg IV) were evaluated to 15 healthy mongrel dogs (4.16$\pm$0.65 kg). These dogs were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups(Control, XTZ, MTZ) with 5 dogs in each group. All experimental animals were premedicated with atropine(0.03 mg/kg, IM). Xylazine or medetomidine were administered to dogs in XTZ group and MTZ group 10 minutes after atropine injection. TZ was administered 20 minutes after atropine injection in all groups. The loss of pain response at pedal reflex and ear pinching tests in XTZ and MTZ groups were much longer compared with those of Control group(P < 0.01). All dogs in this study showed head rocking and hypersalivation during recovery time. Body temperature decreased progressively during experimental period in all groups, but it was not significant. After TZ injection, heart beat rate significantly increased 10 and 20 minutes in Control group, and 20 and 40 minutes in XTZ group(P < 0.05). Respiratory rate significantly decreased 0,10,20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection in XTZ and MTZ groups. In Control group, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) 20 minutes. diastolic arterial pressure(DAP) 10 minutes and mean arterial pressures (MAP) 10 and 20 minutes after 72 injection significantly decreased(P < 0.05). In XTZ group, SAP, DAP and MAP significantly decreased 20 and 40 minutes after 72 injection(P < 0.05). Thus, it was considered that XTZ and MTZ were useful in a canine surgical treatment that requires long anesthetic duration and deep analgesia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2005

Changes in the rabbit Leydig cell from birth to adulthood were studied in New Zealand white rabbits of 1, 7, 21, 35, 49, 70, 105, 147, 196, and 252 days (n = 8 rabbits per group) of age. The objectives of this study were to understand the fate of the fetal Leydig cells, to determine the changes in serum testosterone levels, and leutenizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro, and to quantify adult Leydig cells by number and average volume with age. Testes of rabbits were fixed by whole body perfusion using a fixative containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, processed and embedded in Epon-araldite. Using $1{\mu}m$ sections stained with methylene blue-azure II, qualitative and quantitative (stereological) morphological studies were performed. Testosterone levels in the incubation medium of luteinizing hormone-stimulated (100 ng/ml) testosterone secretion per testis in vitro, and in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. The average volume of a testis of 1-day-old rabbits was determined as $0.0073cm^3$ and the parameter increased linearly from birth to 252 days ($3.93cm^3$). The volume density of the seminiferous tubules increased with age from 33.76% at day 1 to 88.2% at day 252. The volume density of the interstitium represents 66.24% of the testicular parenchyma at day 1. This proportion progressively diminished during development to reach a value of 11.8% at day 252. The volume density of Leydig cells increased almost linearly from birth (0.001%) to 252 days (2.62%). Leydig cell mass per testis increases from 0.0012 mg to 0.25 mg between days 1 and 35, from 2.66 mg to 44.3 mg between days 49 and 105 and from 65.42 mg and 102.9 mg between days 147 and 252. The absolute numbers of adult Leydig cells per testis increased linearly from birth to 252 days. The average volume of adult Leydig cell on days 1, 7, 21 and 35 was not significantly different; a gradual and continued increase was observed thereafter, reaching a 3-fold increase at 196 and 252 days. Serum testosterone concentrations were not significantly different at day 1 compared days 7, 21, 35. Significant increases were observed at days 49 and 70. Values at days 70 and 105 and days 147, 196, and 252 were not significantly different. LH-stimulated testosterone production per testis in vitro was significantly different at day 1 compared days 7, 21, 35. Significant increases were observed at days 49 and 70. Hormonal values at days 105, 147, 196, and 252 were not significantly different. These data suggested Leydig cell developmental phase can be classified: a neonatal phase (1-7 days), a prepubertal phase (14-49 days) and an adult phase (70-252 days). Immature and mature adult Leydig cells, initially detected at days 7 and 49, respectively, and mature adult Leydig cells were abundant Leydig cell type according to the number and absolute volume per testis form day 49 onwards.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted in 1993 to find out a simple prediction method of weeds and to make the prediction models of weeds in paddy fields. The annuals producing fine seeds were apt to emerge at sampling soil only, on the contrary the perennials and the annuals producing large seeds tended not to emerge at sampling soil due to the miss of seeds at sampling. There was no appropriate regression between a total number of weeds emerged at sampling soil and that of weeds occurred in fields. The important annual weeds occurring in fields were able to predict by the number of weeds emerged at sampling soil, but it was difficult to predict the important perennial weeds. In case of Bidens tripartita producing large seeds and Eleocharis kuroguwai producing large tubers, the prediction coefficients were high as above 1.0, and that of Echinochloa crus-galli and Sagittaria pygmaea were comparatively high as 0.175 and 0.172, respectively. However the coefficients of the other weeds were much low as below 0.08. The prediction models for 9 species were made. The model of six species including E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, R. indica, B. tripartita, E. triandra and S. pygmaea were linear regression with high significance, however that of 3 species including C. difformis, S. juncoides and E. kuroguwai were curve regression with high significance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.336-344
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• 2010

To assess population structure and genetic diversity among the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), we investigated mtDNA COI gene sequences of 7 populations. Samples were obtained from Sokcho, Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth in 2008 and 2009 (n=28). The sequence analysis of 28 individual samples showed 8 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence by pairwise comparisons from 0.2 to 2.2% (1 bp-11 bp). The Gal haplotype was found in Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth, and was regarded as the main haplotype of Korean Pacific cod. Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes were found only in Sokcho. In the PHYLIP analysis, 8 haplotypes formed two independent groups: cladeA consisted of Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes, whereas cladeB contained Gal, Ga4, Ga5 and Ga8 haplotypes. The genetic relationship between the two groups was weakly supported by bootstrap analysis(<50%). In pairwise comparisons between 6 populations other than that from Sokcho, a very high per generation migration ratio ($N_m$=infinite) and a very low level of geographic distance ($F_{sr}=-0.0123-(-0.0423)$) were observed. The estimates of genetic distance between Sokcho and the other localities were all statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), indicating a limited mtDNA-based gene flow between Sokcho and other regions. The finding of the lowest genetic diversity in the Sokcho population (nucleotide diversity=0.00589) may be a result of relatively small population size and interrupted gene flow to other localities. Consequently, the overall considerable migration of Pacific cod population in Korea caused a genetically homogeneous structure to form, although a distinct population was found in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.374-406
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• 1996

This study has been carried out to investigate the types of differential diagnosis of amnesia. The results are as follows; 1. Amnesia has various types of differential diagnosis(辨證分型) ; deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型), deficiency of the heart(心虛型), deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型), breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney(心腎不交型), mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型), accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型), internal injury by seven emotion (七情所傷型). 2. The type of deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型) occurs when the heart and spleen is injured by overthinking(思慮過度), The symptoms are heart palpitation(心悸), continuous palpitation(??), insomnia(少寐), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), dream disturbed sleep(多夢), being easy to be scared(易驚), dizziness(眩暈), these are caused by blood deficiency of the heart(心血不足), poor appetite(飮食不振), loss of appetite(納?), short breath(氣短), sense of turgid abdormen(腹部膨滿感), loose stool(泥狀便), these are caused by deficiency of the spleen(脾虛), lassitude and weakness (身倦乏力), lassitude of the extremities (四肢無力), dim complexion (面色少華), pale lips(舌質淡), thready and feeble(脈細弱無力), these are caused by deficiency of both qi and the blood(氣血虛損). The remedy is nourishing the heart-blood(養心血) and regulating the spleen(理脾土). I can prescribe the recipes such as Guibitang(歸脾湯), Gagambosimtang(加減補心湯), Seongbitang(醒脾湯), Insin-guisadan(引神歸舍丹), Insamyangyoungtang(人蔘養榮湯), Sojungjihwan(小定志丸), Yungjigo(寧志膏), Palmijungjihwan(八味定志丸), etc., 3. The type of deficiency of the heart(心虛型) occurs when the heart-blood is injured by the mental tiredness(神勞) and so blood cannot nourish the heart. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), short breath(氣短), heart palpitation(心悸), perspire spontaneously(自汗), facial pallidness(顔面蒼白), pale lips (舌質淡白), feeble pulse and lassitude(脈虛無力), intermittent pulse(結代脈). The remedy is nourishing the hart and blood and allaying restlessness(補心益血安神). I can prescribe the recipes such as Chenwangbosimdan(天王補心丹), Jeongji-hwan(定志丸), Gaesimhwan(開心丸), Youngjigo(寧志膏), Chilseonghwan(七聖丸), Baegseogyoungtang(白石英湯), Oseohwan(烏犀丸), Yangsinhwan(養神丸), Guisindan(歸神丹), Bogsinsan(茯神散), Jinsamyohyangsan(辰砂妙香散), Cheongeumboksinsan(千金茯神散), Samjotang(蔘棗湯), jangwonhwan(壯元丸), Sa gunjatang(四君子湯) minus rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae(白朮) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), radix polygalae(遠志), cinnabaris(朱砂), etc. 4. The type of deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型) occurs when the kidney-qi and kidney-essence is deficient(腎氣腎精不足) and so it cannot nourish the brain. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰산腿軟), dizziness and tinnitus(頭暈耳嗚), emmission and premature ejaculation(遺精早泄), burning sensation of the five centres(五心煩熱), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid and small palse(脈細數). The remedy is nourishing the kidney and strengthen the essence(補腎益精). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gagamgobonhwan(加減固本丸), Jeongjihwan(定志丸), Gongseongchlmjungdan(孔聖枕中丹), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus ra-dix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus radix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), Palmihwan(八味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁). etc., 5. The type of breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney (心腎不交型) occurs when the heart-fire(心火) and kidney-fluid(腎水) are imbalanced. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), insomnia(失眠), dizziness and tinnitus(頭最耳嗚), feverish sensation m the palms and soles(手足心熱), emmision(遺精), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰?腿軟), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid pulse(脈數). The remedy is coordinating each other(交通心腎). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gangsimdan(降心丹), Jujaghwan(朱雀丸), Singyotang(神交湯), Simsinyang- gyotang(心腎兩交湯), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), etc., 6. The type of mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型) occurs when the depressed vital energy(氣鬱) create phlegm retention(痰飮) and phlegm stagnancy(痰濁) put the heart and sprit(心神) out of order. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), dizziness(頭暈), chest distress(胸悶), nausea(惡心), dull(神思欠敏), dull and slow facial expression(表情遲鈍), tongue with yellow and greasy fur(舌苔黃?), sliperry pulse(脈滑). The remedy is removing heat from the heart to restore consciousness and dispersing phlegm(淸心化痰開竅) I can prescribe the recipes such as Gamibogryeongtang(加味茯?湯), Goa-rujisiltang(瓜蔞枳實湯), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸), Dodamtang(導痰湯) plus radix saussurea(木香), Yijintang(二陳湯) plus succus phyllostachyos(竹瀝), rhizoma zingiberis(生薑) Ondamtang(溫膽湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc., 7. The type of accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型) occurs when the blood is accumulated in the lower part of body. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), chest distress(胸悶), icteric skin(身黃), rinsing the mouth but don't wanting eat(漱水不欲燕), madness(發狂), black stool(屎黑), pain in the lower abdomen(小腹硬痛). The remedy is dispersing phlegm and absorb clots (化痰化瘀), I can prescribe the recipes such as Jeodangtang(抵當湯), Daejeodanghwan(代抵當丸), Hyeolbuchugeotang (血府逐瘀湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei (石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸) plus rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), radix polygalae(遠志), semen persicae(桃仁), cortex moutan radicis(收丹皮), etc., 8. The type of internal injury by seven emotion(七情所傷型) occurs when the anger injures the will stored in the kidney(腎志). The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), heart palpitation(心悸). hot temper(易怒), being easy to be scared(善驚), panic(易恐). The remedy is relieving the depressed liver and regulating the circulation of qi(疏肝解鬱). I can prescribe the recipes such as Tongultang(通鬱湯), Sihosogantang(柴胡疏肝湯) plus rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.91-119
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• 2005

오타와 헌장에 따르면 건강증진은 건강형평성을 성취하는 것이다. 건강격차를 감소시키고, 모든 사람들이 건강잠재력을 달성할 수 있도록 동등한 기회와 자원이 제공되어야 한다. 또한 각 개인들은 자신의 건강에 대한 결정요인들에 대한 통제능력을 가져야 한다. 미국의 조기사망은 40%가 행동양식에 의하여, 30%가 유전적인 문제로, 15%가 사회적 환경에 의하여, 10%는 의료적 치료의 부족으로, 그리고 5%는 환경위해 물질에 대한 노출로 발생한다. 건강불평등을 발설시키는 사회적 요인으로는 경제적 요인을 들 수 있다. 이러한 요인으로 야기되는 건강불평등의 문제를 해결하여 건강형평성을 달성하기 위해서는 절대적 목표들과 평등관련 목표들이 모두 필요하다. 건강형평성은 인구집단의 건강과 함께 향상되는 것으로 나은 건강상태에 있는 사람들의 건강을 악화시키면서 건강형평성을 달성하는 것은 아니다. 각자의 관심이 형평성을 어떻게 규정하는가에 영향을 미친다. 혜택을 받은 사람들은 성과/투입의 정의를 선호하며, 소외계층은 똑같은 성과 또는 요구에 기반한 정의를 선호한다. Healthy People 2010은 미국의 국가적 예방체계를 의미하며, 가장 중요하며 예방 가능한 건강위협들을 파악하고 이러한 위협들을 감소하기 위한 목적들이 설정되어 있다. 궁극적인 목적은 건강한 삶의 질적인 면과 양적인 측면을 향상시키는 것이며, 건강불평등을 제거하는 것이다. 그러나 미국이 유럽의 국가들에 비해서 사회 프로그램에 대한 투자가 적은 이유는 재분배는 소수인종만을 위한 것이라는 믿음과, 우리는 개방되고 공정한 사회에 살고 있기 때문에 가난하다는 것은 가난한 사람들 자신들의 잘못으로 인한 것이라는 믿음 그리고 재분배를 방지하는 정치체계 때문이다. 국가기관인 CDC의 예방연구센터(Prevention Research Centers)는 지역사회 파트너들과 함께 건강증진, 질병예방, 그리고 질병과 상해로 인한 합병증을 관리하게 위한 효과적인 예방 전략을 개발하고 있다. 예방연구센터의 프로그램들은 지역사회 기반 참여연구와 소외된 계층에 중점을 두며, 다학제 간 접근방법을 활용하고, 교육기관, 공공보건기관 그리고 지역사회의 파트너들 간의 네트웍을 형성을 통한 협력관계를 강조하고 있다. 지역사회 위원회가 구성되어 있으며, 또한 근거중심 프로그램을 개발하고 있다. 이들은 건강 결정요인에 관한 연구, 형성적 연구, 개입 프로그램 및 프로그램의 확산에 관한 연구를 진행한다. UC Berkeley의 가족/지역사회 보건센터(Center for Family & Community Health)는 1993년에 설립되었다. 사업의 대상이 되는 주요 지역사회는 한국교민사회이며, 한국교민사회 자문위원회(Korean Community Advisory Board, KCAB)가 구성되어 있다. 1993년부터 2003년까지는 'Health is Strength' 사업이 시범연구사업으로 진행되었는데, 그 내용은 유방암과 자궁경부암 검진 프로그램이었다. 2003년부터 2009년까지 진행될 'Quitting is Winning'이라는 두 번째 시범연구사업은 남성들의 금연에 중점을 둔 사업이다. 'Health is Strength'는 아시아 보건서비스 및 한국교민사회 자문위원회가 함께 협력하여 진행된 사업으로, 주요 목표는 18세 이상 여성의 자궁암 조기 검진(Pap test)과 자가 유방검진 실천을 증가시키는 것이며, 50세 이상여성의 유방 임상검사와 유방 X선촬영 비율을 증가시키는 것이었다. 한 지역의 카운티에 거주하는 한국 여성들은 4년간의 개입프로그램의 대상이 되었으며, 이들을 대상으로 횡단적인 전화조사를 3번(사전, 중간, 사후)실시하였다. 개입 프로그램은 교회에서 워크샵 개최, Tell-A-Friend Form 작성하기, 포스터 및 책자 발행, 신문광고 등과 함께 자궁암 조기 검진(Pap test)과 유방 X선 촬영권을 무료로 제공하는 것으로 구성되었다. 'Quitting is Winning'은 지역사회 기반 참여 연구모형으로 한국교민사회 자문위원회는 흡연을 1순위의 사업으로 선정하였고, 근거에 기반한 금연 프로그램에 대한 연구들을 검토하여, 기존의 보편적 방법이 아닌 인터넷을 활용하는 프로그램을 진행하는 것으로 결정되었다. 이는 무작위 임상실험으로 연구대상으로 미국에 거주하는 한국인 남성흡연자 2300명을 모집하였다. 이들의 1/2은 실험군인 인터넷 프로그램 집단에, 또 다른 1/2은 대조군인 인쇄책자 집단에 무작위 할당되었다. 12개월 동안 11번의 진단이 인터넷을 통하여 진행되었으며, 참여와 참여유지에 대한 금전적인 보상이 제공되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1612-1620
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• 2015

Inflammation is a complex process involving a variety of immune cells, which defend the body from harmful stimuli. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators can also exacerbate diseases such as cancer. Onion peel contains several phenolic compounds, including quercetin at an amount 20 times greater in peel than edible flesh. Therefore, in this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel ethanol extract (OPEE) were investigated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. In our results, NO production decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Secretion of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ was suppressed by 44%, 53%, and 60% respectively, at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Moreover, OPEE also suppressed expression of COX-2, iNOS, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and MAPKs in a dose-dependent manner. Formation of mice ear edema was reduced at the highest dose tested compared to the control, and reduction of ear thickness was observed in the histological analysis as well. In the acute toxicity test, no morality was observed in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of OPEE over a 2-week observation period. These results suggest that OPEE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and be a potential anti-inflammatory material.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2016

Exorista japonica is one of the major natural enemies of noctuid larvae, Mythimna separata and Spodoptera litura. The examined parasitoid was obtained from host species M. separata, collected at Gimje city and identified by DNA sequences (partial cytochrome oxidase I, 16S, 18S, and 28S). For purposed of this study, laboratory reared S. litura served as the host species for the development of the E. japonica. The developmental period of E. japonica immature stages were investigated at seven constant temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, RH 20~30%). Temperature-dependent developmental rates and development completion models were developed. E. japonica was successfully developed from egg to adult in $16{\sim}31^{\circ}C$ temperature regimes. Developmental duration was the shortest at $34^{\circ}C$ (8.3 days) and the longest at $16^{\circ}C$ (23.4 days) from egg to pupa development. Pupal development duration was the shortest at $28^{\circ}C$ (7.3 days). Total immature-stage development duration decreased with increasing temperature, and was the shortest at $31^{\circ}C$ (16.3 days) and the longest at $16^{\circ}C$ (45.4 days). The lower developmental threshold was $7.8^{\circ}C$ and thermal constant required to complete total immature-stage development was 370.4 degree days. Among four non-linear temperature-dependent developmental rate models, Briere 1 model had the highest adjusted R-squared (0.96). The distribution model of development completion for total immature stage development of E. japonica was well described by all model ($r^2_{adj}=0.90$) based on the standardized development duration. These results of study would be necessary not only to develop population dynamics model but also to understand fundamental biology of E. japonica.