• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2018

Background: Ginsenosides have been reported to have many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, and the resolution of inflammation is now considered to be an active process driven by M2-type macrophages. In order to determine whether ginsenosides modulate macrophage phenotypes to reduce inflammation, 11 ginsenosides were studied with respect to macrophage polarization and the resolution of inflammation. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophages were polarized into M1 or M2 phenotypes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ levels were performed in vitro and in a zymosan-induced peritonitis C57BL/6 mouse model. Results: Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was identified as a proresolving ginseng compound based on the induction of M2 macrophage polarization. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ not only induced the expression of arginase-1 (a representative M2 marker gene), but also suppressed M1 marker genes, such as inducible NO synthase, and NO levels. The proresolving activity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also observed in vivo in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ accelerated the resolution process when administered at peak inflammatory response into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induces the M2 polarization of macrophages and accelerates the resolution of inflammation. This finding opens a new avenue in ginseng pharmacology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.285-289
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• 2016

In recent domestic new growth model based on the IoT it has been proposed by the industry and national authorities. As applied to these Internet-based IoT convergence center of the field is expected to be realized, including the improvement and increase of efficiency of various economic values. In this paper, using KETI ( Korea Electronics Technology Institute ) developed distribution being oneM2M standards-based platform from Mobius and Gateway Platforms & Cube, and low power, capable of long-range RF communication LoRa communication module is proposed to build the site applicable environment.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.129-137
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• 2017

In this study, the prediction of landslide probability was performed to the study area located in ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ area of Muan-gun, Jeonnam Province around Honam railway using the computer program SHAPP ver 1.0 developed by a decision tree model. The soil samples were collected at total 8 points, and soil tests were performed to measure soil properties. The thematic maps of soil properties such as coefficient of permeability and void ratio were made on the basis of soil test results. The slope angle analysis of topography was performed using a digital map. As the prediction result of landslide probability, 435 cells among total 15,552 cells were predicted to be in the event of landslides. Therefore, the predicted area of occurring landslides may be $43,500m^2$ because the analyzed cell size was $10m{\times}10m$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2008

Recently, rainwater harvesting facilities have increasingly constructed mainly in elementary schools and government buildings. Nevertheless, few methods are available for efficient planning and design of rainwater harvesting facilities by considering the weather conditions and purpose of rainwater management in each site, which may lead to a construction of uneconomic facilities. The current method estimates the size of rainwater storage tank by multiplying the size of building or plottage with a certain ratio and has many limitations. In this study, we first developed a method for planning and design of rainwater storage facilities using $Rainstock^{TM}$ model, which is based on mass balance, and economic analysis. Then, the model was applied for the design of a rainwater harvesting facility in a building with the catchment area of $1,000m^2$. The model calculation indicated that the economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting depends on not only the size of storage tank but also the water usage rate. When the water usage rate is $1m^3/day$, the rainwater harvesting facility is not cost-effective regardless of the size of the storage tank. With increasing the water usage rate, the economical efficiency of the facility was improved for a specific size of the storage tank. Based on the model calculation, the optimum tank sizes for $5m^3/day$ and $10m^3/day$ of water usage rates were $24m^3$ and $57m^3$, respectively. It is expected that the model is useful for optimization of rainwater storage facilities in planning and designing steps.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study is to evaluated the impact of varying spatial resolutions of DEM (2 m, 10 m, and 30 m), land use (QuickBird, 1/25,000 and Landsat), and soil data (1/25,000 and 1/50,000) on the uncertainty of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) predicted streamflow, sediment, T-N, and T-P transport in a small agricultural watershed ($1.21\;km^2$). SWAT model was adopted and the model was calibrated for a $255.4\;km^2$ watershed using 30 m DEM, Landsat land use, and 1/25,000 soil data. The model was run with the combination of three DEM, land use, and soil map respectively. The SWAT model was calibrated for 2 years (1999-2000) using daily streamflow and monthly water quality (SS, T-N, T-P) records from 1999 to 2000, and verified for another 2 years (2001-2002). The average Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.59 for streamflow and the root mean square error were 2.08, 4.30 and 0.70 tons/yr for sediment, T-N and T-P respectively. The hydrological results showed that output uncertainty was biggest by spatial resolution of land use. Streamflow increase the watershed average CN value of QucikBird land use was 0.4 and 1.8 higher than those of 1/25,000 and Landsat land use caused increase of streamflow.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.313-315
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• 2001

Some authors have concluded that spiral structures and shocks do not develop if an adiabatic index $\gamma$ > 1.16 is adopted in accretion disc modelling, whilst others have claimed that they obtained well defined spirals and shocks adopting a $\gamma$ = 1.2 and a $M_2/ M_1$ = 1 stellar mass ratio. In our opinion, it should be possible to develop spiral structures for low compressibility gas accretion discs if the primary component is a black hole. We considered a primary black hole of 8M0 and a small secondary component of 0.5M$\bigodot$ to favour spiral structures formations and possible spiral shocks via gas compression due to a strong gravitational attraction. We performed two 3D SPH simulations and two 2D SPH simulations and characterized a low compressibility model and a high compressibility model for each couple of simulations. 2D models reveal spiral structures existence. Moreover, spiral shocks are also evident in high compressibility 2D model at the outer disc edge. We believe that we could develop even well defined spiral shocks considering a more massive primary component.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2017

When sea tide and wave velocity change, the behavior of silt protectors underwater changes, and a hydraulic force exceeding the anchor wave force is applied. In this study, the movement mechanism of a silt protector has been analyzed using the mass-spring method. The initial position of the silt protector was in the Jindo area near Gwangpo Port (742-1, Gyupori, Chongdo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeonnam, Korea). The tension required to exceed the holding power of the anchor was 0.05 m/s at 318 sec., 0.15 m/s at 77 sec., 0.25 m/s at 43 sec., and 0.3 m/s at 37 sec.. As the anchor started to move from the sea floor and the tide speed increased to 0.01 m/s, anchor movement start time shortened by an average of 11.2 sec.. Compared with when tide was the only affecting factor, the silt protector and anchor were found to have moved 19.7 % at 0.1 m/s, 7.6 % at 0.15 m/s, 5.8 % at 0.2 m/s, 4.3 % at 0.25 m/s and 2.8 % at 0.3 m/s, showing an increase. When wave effect was added to the tide, anchor movement started when the flow rate was slow 7.6 % of the time. With a high flow velocity, anchor movement started without any significant difference less than 4.3 % of the time. When tide speed exceeded 0.13 m/s and the direction of the waves matched, the silt protector was not able to perform due to collisions with surrounding sea structures. When installing a silt protector, the fluid flow situation and the silt protector situation must be carefully analyzed using the mass-spring method to apply the result found in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.793-806
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to find out the air flow patterns affecting the PM10 concentration in Busan and the potential sources within each trajectory pattern. The synoptic air flow trajectories are classified into four clusters by HYSPLIT model and the potential sources of PM10 are estimated by PSCF model for each cluster from 2008 to 2012. The potential source locations of PM10 are compared with the distribution of PM10 anthropogenic emissions in east Asia developed in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. The annual mean concentrations of PM10 in Busan decreased from $51ug/m^3$ in 2008 to $43ug/m^3$ in 2012. The monthly mean concentrations of PM10 were high during a spring season, March to May and low during a summer season, August and September. The cluster2 composed of the air trajectories from the eastern China to Busan through the west sea showed the highest frequency, 44 %. The cluster1 composed of the air trajectories from the inner Mongolia region to Busan through the northeast area of China showed the second high frequency, 26 %. The cluster3 and 4 were composed of the trajectories originated in the southeast sea and the east sea of Busan respectively and showed low frequencies. The concentrations of in each cluster were $47ug/m^3$ in cluster1, $56ug/m^3$ in cluster2, $42ug/m^3$ in cluster3 and $37ug/m^3$ in cluster4. From these results, it was proved that the cluster1 and 2 composed of the trajectories originated in the east and northeast area of China were the causes of high PM10 concentrations in Busan. The results of PSCF and CWT model showed that the potential sources of the high PM10 concentrations were the areas of the around Mongolia and the eastern China having high emissions of PM10 from Beijing, Hebei to Shanghai through Shandong, Jiangsu.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.589-594
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• 2007

The effect of synergists having chelating ability on inhibiting browning were studied with a giucose-glutamic acid model for doenjang containing citric acid as the anti-browning agent and iron ion. The model solutions were prepared by dissolving 0.1 M glucose, 0.1 M glutamic acid, 50 mM citric acid, 0.2 mM $FeCl_2$ and synergist in 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr and storing at $30^{\circ}C\;or\;40^{\circ}C$ for four weeks. Synergists were chitosan, gallic acid, methyl benzoate, pyrophosphate and tannic acid; they were used at the following concentrations: gallic acid, pyrophosphate and tannic acid at 0.015% and 0.15%; chitosan and methyl benzoate at 0.0075% and 0.015%. Anti-browning capacities had a tendency to decrease greatly after three weeks in the case of storage at $30^{\circ}C$, whereas they decreased with storage time during storage at $40^{\circ}C$. However, anti-browning capacities of samples containing 0.015% tannic acid and 0.15% pyrophosphate were higher than that of sample without synergist by 32% after storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for four weeks. Gallic acid, tannic acid and pyrophsphate also inhibited the formation of Maillard reaction intermediates such as fluorescent compound and 3-deoxyglucosone due to the high chelating ability with iron ion after four weeks of storage at $30^{\circ}C$. The effect of these compounds on the inhibition of formation of Maillard reaction intermediates was higher at 0.15% than at 0.015%. Moreover, gallic acid increased the browning by forming colored complexes, and tannic acid generated black precipitates. Therefore, pyrophosphate of food additives was found to be the most useful synergist of citric acid, the anti-browning agent for doenjang.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 2005

This study was to suggest the propagation path loss and predictive model of propagation path analysis in order to apply the frequency in the millimeter-wave band to the real time inter-vehicle communication system. This study was to suppose the case of inter-vehicle communication on the one-way two-lanes road in the big cites with a lot of traffic jams in order to analyze the effect by the reflected wave of multipath. As a simulation of suggested model, it found out that the propagation path by the reflected wave was about 0.1[m]$\sim$5.1[m] longer than the one by the direct wave during the transmission of 100[m] wave direct path. Also, as a result of comparing the propagation path loss, the loss would be about -0.8[dB]$\sim$-4.2[dB] larger in case of wall reflection and -0.8[dB]$\sim$-1[dB] vehicle reflection. From the result above, this researcher found out that the path loss of reflected wave produced by the walls was about -3.2[dB] larger than the path loss produced by the adjacent vehicles.