• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1997

Beta-carotene and lutein contents in 7 different green leafy vegetables(perilla leaf, mugwort, chwi, lettuce, spinach, leek, and crown daisy) were analyzed by HPLC. The isocratic separation was performed on a ${\mu}-Bondapak$ $C_{18}$ column with a solvent system of acetonitrile : dichloromethane : methanol = 70:20:10. To check the reliability of the method applied, precision and recovery tests were performed. Perilla leaf showed the highest ${\beta}-carotene$ content(12,570 ${\mu}g$ / 100 g), followed by mugwort and chwi, all of those have ${\le}10,000\{\mu}g\{\beta}-carotene$ per 100 g vegetables. Green lettuce, spinach, leek, crown daisy and reddish brown lettuce contained 9,869, 6,689, 5,664, 3,601 and 3,299 ${\mu}g\{\beta}-carotene/100 g$, respectively, Lutein content was the highest in perilla leaf($13,718{\mu}g/100 g$) followed by chwi($11,989{\mu}g/100 g$), mugwort($11,522{\mu}g/100 g$), green lettuce($10,307{\mu}g/100 g$) and spinach($10,115{\mu}g/100 g$). ${\beta}-carotene$ contents in perilla leaf, mugwort, chwi and green lettuce were 47.8~49.6% of total carotenoids, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents in the other green leafy vegetables analyzed were 37.7~41.4% Vitamin A contents of green leafy vegetables analyzed by HPLC were 2~6 times higher than the vitamin A values shown in food composition tables except crown daisy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.380-384
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• 2021

Theca lutein cysts are rare, benign lesions responsible for gross cystic enlargement of both ovaries during pregnancy. This condition is also termed hyperreactio luteinalis. Elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels or states of hCG hypersensitivity seem to promote these changes, which in up to 30% of patients produce clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. Given the self-limiting course of theca lutein cysts, which are subject to spontaneous postpartum resolution, conservative treatment is the mainstay of patient management. Described herein is a rare case of theca lutein cysts with maternal virilization that failed to regress by 9 months after childbirth. Surgical intervention was eventually undertaken, necessitated by adnexal torsion.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1994

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integuments of wild and cultured chinese muddy loach Misgurnus mizolepis and muddy loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were compared. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured chinese muddy loach were $4.76mg\%\;and\;3.43mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild chinese muddy loach were lutein($30.5\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($24.6\%$), ${\beta}$-carotene($20.6\%$) and cynthiaxanthin($11.7\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($4.7\%$), tunaxanthin ($4.5\%$), and a-cryptoxanthin($1.0\%$) were present in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured chinese muddy loach, lutein($35.4\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($17.9\%$), cynthiaxanthin($16.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($12.7\%$) were present as important carotenoids. In addition, zeaxanthin($8.1\%$), tunaxanthin($5.0\%$), a-cryptoxanthin($0.9\%$) were found in small amounts. Total carotenoid contents in the integuments of the wild and cultured muddy loach were $4.00mg\%\;and\;2.99mg\%$, respectively. The important carotenoids in the integuments of the wild muddy loach were lutein($32.9\%$), ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($18.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($17.0\%$) and ${\beta}$-carotene($15.1\%$). In addition, zeaxanthin($6.5\%$), tunaxanthin($6.0\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($1.5\%$) were found in small amounts. In the integuments of the cultured muddy loach, lutein($51.8\%$), cynthiaxanthin($19.9\%$) and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin($10.8\%$) were observed as important carotenoids. In addition, ${\beta}$-carotene($5.0\%$), zeaxanthin($4.8\%$), tunaxanthin($4.5\%$) and a-cryptoxanthin($0.2\%$) were found in small amounts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.464-473
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• 2009

The serum levels of antioxidant materials (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, retinol) of the healthy Korean middle-aged adults (n = 373) were measured and their relationships with the serum lipids and anthropometric indices were analyzed. The serum levels of ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein were higher than those of lycopene and ${\alpha}$-carotene. The levels of all measured carotenoids except lutein were significantly higher in females than in males, but retinol level was vice versa. There was a tendency of increase in serum levels of antioxidant vitamins with increasing age. The serum carotenoid levels had a positive correlation with serum cholesterol and a negative correlation with serum triglyceride. The serum levels of tocopherols or retinol showed a significantly positive relationship with blood cholesterol or triglyceride. In overall, anthropometric indices showed negative relations with serum carotenoids levels, but vice versa with serum tocopherol or retinol levels. Particularly, ${\beta}$-carotene and lutein levels showed a significantly negative relation with blood pressure in male subjects. The serum levels of ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin had significantly negative relations with body fat-related indices in female subjects. The results demonstrated that blood antioxidants levels differed by sex and age, and had significant relations with blood lipid levels and anthropometric indices. Therefore, the rationale and significance of the relationships need to be elucidated in the future study related to dietary intakes and life style.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 1992

Difference of carotenoid pigments in integuments of the wild and cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata were studied. Total carotenoid contents in integuments of the wild and cultured flounder were 1.38mg% and 1.l6mg%, respectively. The main carotenoids in integuments of the wild flonder were zeaxanthin (19.22%), $\beta$-carotene type triol (17.80%), tunaxanthin C (17.77％), lutein (16.44%) and tunaxanthin B (13.70%). In addition, tunaxanthin A (5.42%), $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin (4.80%), astaxanthin (0.69%) and $\beta$-cryptoxanthin (0.24%) were also contained in small amounts. But in the cultured flounder, lutein (38.21%) and zeaxanthin (29.69%) were contained as main carotenoids. In addition, $\beta$-carotene type triol (7.80%), tunaxanthin C (7.05%), $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin (4.34%), tunaxanthin B (4.21%), as-taxanthin (2.40%) and $\beta$-cryptoxanthin (1.30%) were present in small amounts. Consequently, the wild flounder contained higher amounts of tunaxanthin and trios but contained lower amounts of lutein and zeaxanthin than the cultured flonder. The contents of carotenoids from integuments of wild and cultured yellow-tail were 1.08mg% and 0.09mg%. Wild and cultured yellowtail have similar carotenoid patterns, consisting of tunaxanthin C (44.11%, 43.37％), tunaxanthin B (33.56%, 29.23%) and tunaxanthin A (18.22%, 21.68%), respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.265-268
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• 2008

Phytochemical investigations on the aerial parts of Asplenium scolopendrium led to the isolation of four terpenoids, the structures of which were assigned as lutein (1), (6S,9S)-roseoside (2), icariside $B_2$ (3), and picrionoside A (4) using spectroscopic data.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate safety, gastrointestinal tolerance, and growth of a new experimental starter formula (NESF) fortified with lutein, prebiotics, probiotics, nucleotides and beta-carotene, fed to infants within the first months of life. Methods: This was a non-randomized, open, uncontrolled study conducted from December 2010 to May 2011. Twenty-three healthy infants aged 10 days to 2 months old were enrolled. Outcomes included gastrointestinal tolerance, physical growth and safety. Prior to the initiation of the trial, the Scientific Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences confirmed that the NESF met all safety and nutritional parameters. Results: NESF was well tolerated. The majority of infants fed this formula passed semi-liquid, yellow or yellow-brown. The mean stool frequency/day was $2.5{\pm}0.4$ on study-day 14 and $1.8{\pm}0.5$ on study-day 28. The mean daily weight gain was $30.9{\pm}3.8$ grams and the mean length gain during the 28 days of follow up was $3.1{\pm}0.8cm$, corresponding to the average physical growth normally seen in the first months of life in Russian infants. Six children left the study: one refused to drink the formula, one left the study as parents changed residence; and one child's parents have recalled their informed consent due to adverse event unrelated to the product. Three infants presented adverse events possibly related to the product (rash; colic and abdominal pain; constipation). Seventeen infants completed the trial. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that lutein-fortified formula is safe, well-tolerated and supported physical growth of evaluated infants.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.460-467
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to diagnose nutritional status of vitamin A in female university students. Total of 59 female students in Korea National University of Education, Home Economics Education department were recruited for this study. Retinol and :t major carotenoids in serum($\beta$-carotene, u-carotene, lycopene and lutein) were analyzed by HPLC. The isocratic separation was performed in a $\mu$ Bondapak$^{TM}$ $C_{18}$ stainless steel column with a solvent system of acetonitrile : methanol=85:15. The results of analysis were as follows: The average retinol concentration of 59 female students was 25.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$. According to biochemical criteria for the assessment of vitamin A status, 18 of them belong to well-nourished and 6 students belong to adequate status. On the other hand, 8 students, 3 freshmen and 5 sophomore, were in critical vitamin A status. Retinol concentrations of junior and senior students were higher than those of freshmen and sophomore (P＜0.001). The average concentrations of serum $\beta$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein were 1.9, 5.4, and 41.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, respectively. Serum $\beta$-carotene concentration of senior was significant. higher than those of freshman, sophomore and junior(p＜0.001). Lycopene concentration of freshman was significant. lower than those of the other grades and that of senior was sig, higher than those of the other grades(p＜0.05). Lutein concentrations of junior and senior were significant. higher than those of freshman and sophomore(p＜0.001). The serum $\alpha$-carotene concentrations of the students were too low to analyze.e.

• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.317-329
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• 2022

Carotenoids are effective antioxidants that are found in various photosynthetic organisms. Marine microalgae are an advantageous bioresource for carotenoid production because they do not compete with other crops for freshwater and arable land. This study reports a newly isolated Dunaliella strain from the Geumhong Saltpan on Yeongjong Island, West Sea, Korea. The new strain was isolated and classified as Dunaliella salina through phylogenetic analysis and was named the OH214 strain (Deposit ID: KCTC14434BP). The newly isolated strain can survive in a wide range of NaCl concentrations (0.3-5.0 M NaCl), but grows well in 0.6 to 1.5 M NaCl culture medium. Under high-light conditions (500 ± 10 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1), the cells accumulated three times more β-carotene than under low-light conditions (50 ± 5 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1). The cells accumulated 2.5-fold more β-carotene under nitrogen-deficient (1 mM KNO₃) conditions (3.24 ± 0.36 ㎍ 10⁶ cells^-1) than in nitrogen-sufficient conditions (>5 mM KNO₃). The lutein content under nitrogen-deficient conditions (1.73 ± 0.09 ㎍ 10⁶ cells^-1) was more than 24% higher than that under nitrogen-sufficient conditions. Under the optimized culture condition for carotenoid induction using natural seawater, D. salina OH214 strain produced 7.97 ± 0.09 mg g DCW^-1 of β-carotene and 4.65 ± 0.18 mg g DCW^-1 of lutein, respectively. We propose that this new microalga is a promising strain for the simultaneous production of β-carotene and lutein.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a $C_{18}$ column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine $9{\mu}M$ as mobile phase, and ${\lambda}_{detection}$=475 nm. The mean percent recovery for the HPLC method were $120.7{\pm}4.1%$ (lycopene), $89.2{\pm}3.5%$ (lutein), $91.2{\pm}2.9%$ (${\alpha}$-carotene), $99.1{\pm}4.4%$ (${\beta}$-carotene), and $100.0{\pm}5.3%$ (cryptoxanthin). The contents of lutein in the agricultural products were spinach, kiwi, tomato, blueberry, melon, respectively. However, the lycopene contents were the highest in the Black tomato ($56.66{\pm}7.48mg/kg$) and Jangseong tomato ($50.28{\pm}5.42mg/kg$). The concentration of ${\beta}$-carotene in all of the agricultural products ranged from 0.07 mg/kg to 65.03 mg/kg. The quercetin content of the agricultural products increased in the order of blueberry (986.57~1,054.06 mg/100 g), kiwi (44.96~55.09 mg/100 g), hallabong (31.92~35.60 mg/100 g), and tomato (26.38~34.94 mg/100 g). The highest kaempferol content was found in the blueberry (47.79~76.15 mg/100 g) with results in all of the tested samples varying between 6.54~48.11 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol contents of the various agricultural products increased in the blueberry (213.60~229.96 mg/100 g), spinach (112.50~141.67 mg/100 g) and kiwi (46.49~70.44 mg/100 g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in both blueberry and spinach. Vitamin C content was detected in kiwi > hallabong > tomato > blueberry, respectively. The total anthocyanin contents (TAC) was detected in the Damyang blueberry and the imported blueberry.