• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2007

Objectives: Asari Herba comes from the dried perennial herbaceous plant, Asarum sieboldii $M_{IQ}$., A. heterotropides $F_R$. SCHMIDT var. mandshuricum($M_{AXIM}$) $K_{ITAG}$. and A sieboldii $M_{IQ}$ var. seoulense $N_{AKAI}$., family Aristolochiaceae. This medicine is pungent in flavor(味辛), warm in nature(性溫), mildly toxic and affects the lung, kidney, and heart meridians. It is able to repel wind dispel cold(祛風散寒), remove the obstruction of the nose(宣通鼻竅), relieve pain(止痛) and warm the lungs to remove the retention of fluids(溫肺化飮). In a clinic it is prescribed for exterior syndrome of wine-cold type(風寒表證) manifested as headache and general pain. It is indicated for headaches, toothaches, bisyndrome of wind-cold-dampness type(風寒濕痺), etc. For many generations medical books have warned doctors that the dosage of Asari Herba should not be excessive because the pungent flavor has the effect of dispersing exopathogens from superficies of the body. The principle, 'Asari Herba should not exceed Jeon(錢, Qian, 3.0 gram)' is still considered to be relevant. Methods : Extensive research of several ancient medical texts has lead to the following conclusion. Results : The statement 'Asari Herba should not exceed Jeon' is a dosage which is used to prepare single recipe and powder. Conclusion : The definition of Jeon is not 1 Jeon(3.0 gram), but 1 Jeonbi(錢匕, Qianbi, 1.0 gram), moreover, the usage, collection. and refinement process are not in accordance with the contents of the ancient medical texts. A deeper study of Asari Herba's dosage in the future is expected to have interesting results.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2003

From the study of the symptom, pathology in prescription of Ha-Tong from The Bangyakhapeun. I have reserched 163 prescription. It can be concluded as follows. 1. Prescription about Fecal disease which was the most as 11.66% of the whole, following order Internal disease(6.75%), Uterus Disease(5.52%) Sick-by-Cold Disease(5.52%), Eye Disease(4.91%), Blood Disease(4.91%), Unbalanced humoral status Disease(4.91%), Gynecologic Disease(4.91%). 2. The Fecal Disease divide diarrhea and dysentery; The Internal Disease divides with Sik-sang(食傷) Chu-sang(酒傷), Sik-juck-yu-sang-han(食積類傷寒), Carbonic acid, Vomiting acid; The Uterus Disease divides with Urinnary Disadvantage, Urinary retention, Incontinence; The Sick-by-Cold Disease divides with yang-myung-byung(陽明病), sang-han-goi-jng(傷寒壞證), sang-han-bun-gal(傷寒煩渴), sang-han-sum-ou, sang-han-hyul-jng(傷寒血證), sang-han-ja-ri(傷寒自利), sang-han-bun-jo-jng(傷寒煩燥證). 3. The Diarrhea and Dysentery many used o-ryung-san, hwng-gum-jak-yak-tang(黃芩芍藥湯) hyang-ryun-hwan(香連丸) etc, and The Internal Disease many used pyung-we-san(平胃散) as a basic prescripton. 4. The organ problem use the Sil-yuol(實熱) of the liver, stomach, lung, uterus, small intestine; six natural factors problem used the Sil-jng(實證) of the wind, fire, heat, cold, dampness; And used Unbalanced humoral status, lntrnal hurt, qi and blood, seven extream feeling.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1271-1278
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• 2023

Objective: The 19 Mechanisms of Disease were first described in Huangdi Neijing. When examining Yixuexinwu, three descriptions that were different from Huangdi Neijing were found. Methods and Results: After examining the two books, three differences in the description of the 19 Mechanisms of Disease were discovered: 1) The upper and lower locations of dyspnea (喘症) are reversed. 2) The ratio of provisions for "fire (火)" and "cold (寒)" is different. 3) The organ affiliation for pain is different. Conclusion: 1) The upper and lower locations of dyspnea (喘症) are reversed. : Regarding external contraction dyspnea (外感喘), Yixuexinwu used the disease of the upper location (lung 上, 肺) in the same way as in Huangdi Neijing. In terms of internal damage (內傷喘), it was separately classified as a disease of the lower location (kidney 下, 腎). 2) The ratio of provisions for "fire (火)" and "cold (寒)" is different. : Arithmetically, if you round off the number after calculating the fraction, the difference between the two ratios becomes the same. Theoretically, five provisions of "fire" are replaced by four provisions of "heat (熱)", and the difference in ratios is exactly the same. Empirically, it emphasizes that there are more illnesses from fire and heat than from cold. 3) The organ affiliation for pain is different. : Huangdi Neijing described general inflammatory pain, while the Yixuexinwu described only stress-related abdominal pain (肝木乘脾 腹痛).

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-105
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• 2007

Objectives : Select and analyze the case record of dyspnea and wheezing asthma recorded in Xu Ming Yi Lei An that is the most abundant and wide in contents in existing case records that are systematic, comprehending relatively modern Traditional Chinese Medicine to secure more deep and objective basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine approach for dyspnea and wheezing asthma to analyze and review possibility for clinical application in this study. Methods: The study was conducted with the case records of dyspnea and wheezing asthma in whole Xu Ming Yi Lei An. Pattern identify and classify selected case records and again classified with deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome. Also analyzed prescriptions and herbs used in the case records. Nature of herbs and properties and flavors that were used in the case records were classified and frequency of each nature of herbs were analyzed. Applicable case records were interpreted and suggested prescriptions, pulse feelings, pattern classification were analyzed and described. Results : Among the 5254 case records stated on the complete collection, it is researched that there are 63 case records for the symptom complex of dyspnea as 1.2% of the whole case records, and the case records on the symptom complex of wheezing asthma are 14 as the 0.27% of the total examples. 63 case record examples related with symptom complex of dyspnea were pattern identified and classified. As a result, deficiency syndrome of the Kidney(33 %), deficiency syndrome of the Spleen(26.0%), Wind-Cold(12.3%), phlegm turbidity(12.3%), Heat in the Lung(8.2%), asthenia of the Lung(8.2%) were investigated as above order. 14 case record examples related with wheezing asthma were pattern identified and classified. As a result, phlegm-Heat(26.3%), upper excess and lower deficiency(26.3%), external affections Wind-Cold(15.8%), Dampness-phlegm(10.5%), Lung asthenia(10.5%), Cold phlegm(5.3%), mutual deficiency and detriment of Heart and Kidneys(5.3%) were investigated as above order. Symptom complex of dyspnea has 67.1% of deficiency syndrome, 32.9% of excess syndrome resulting more deficiency syndrome than excess syndrome. Symptom complex of wheezing asthma has 42.1 % of deficiency syndrome and 57.9% of excess syndrome resulting more excess syndrome than deficiency syndrome. In case of symptom complex of dyspnea prescription used in the case record, the order of frequency is as following. Palmijihwang-tang, Bojung-ikgitang, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ijintang, Sojaganggitang, Igongsan. In case of symptom complex of wheezing asthma prescription in the case record, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ohotang, Dodamtang were mostly used. Herbs used in case records of symptom complex of dyspnea are Ginseng Radix, Poria, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Aconiti Iateralis Preparata Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparat, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens are mostly used. Nature of herb properties used for symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma are herbs that are warm properties. When the symptom complex of dyspnea and the symptom complex of wheezing asthma were treated. if the patient felt tenderness at Pyesu, doctors conducted pricking blood around the opposite Pyesu or Sipseon acupoint. when the patient didn't have tenderness at Pyesu by soft press, pricking blood was performed both sidees, right and left Pyesu. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, when they got treatment, when the symptom complex of disease is severe, a doctor cauterized the opposite Pyesu while the other Pyesu felt tenderness, and decided how the above treatment is performed whether the degree of the symptom compolex of disease is severe or not. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, if the person felt tenderness at Pyesu and is caught by the Wind-Cold pathogen, slight acupuncture is treated at relevant Pyesu with Fire needling. When patient with symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma cannot hawk sputum up from the oral and laryngopharynx, suction method is treated. Conclusion : With this study, actual traditional and clinical pattern identification form and characteristics of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma were recognized. Modern case report utilizing in clinical application need to be secured and an incurable disease asthma need to be diagnosed and improvement for treatments have to be searched through other case records.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2000

As a result of studing on the "shashen(沙蔘)", we could reach conclusions as follows. 1. Shashen is the root of "lunyeshashen(潤葉沙蔘)", "kuoyeshashen(闊葉沙蔘)", and its same generic plants that belong to Companulaceae. In china people has used twenty-four species as a shashen together with other generic plants, in korea sixteen species as a shashen. 2. At first, in the "Shen Nong's Herbal(神農本草經)" it was recorded and then in the "Benchingfengyuan(本經逢原)" divided into "nanshashen(南沙蔘)" and "beishashen(北沙蔘)". Recently, nanshashen called shashen belongs to Companulaceae and have strong efficacies of clearing away heat from lung, resolving phlegm, beishashen belongs to Umbelliferae and have strong efficacies of nourishing stomach, nourishing yin. 3. Shashen is the root of Adenophora stricta Miq., and yangru(羊乳) is that of Codonopsis lauceolata Bentham et Hooker, jini is that of Adenophora remotiflora (SIEBOLD et ZUCCARINI.) MIQUEL. From a efficacious point of view, it is the characteristics that shashen have efficacies of nourishing yin and clearing away heat from lung, supplementing stomach and promoting production of body fluid, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, eliminating pus and abscess, expelling wind and pruritus, jini have those of clearing away heat and toxic material, resolving phlegm and yanru have those of nourishing yin and moistening lung, resolving phlegm and eliminating pus, clearing away heat and toxic material, stimulating milk secretion. 4. After being recorded as "zhimu(知母)" in Shen Nong's Herbal, the alias of shashen was recorded as kuxin(苦心), shimei(識美), huxu(虎須), baishen(白參), zhiqu(志取), wenhu(文虎), baolishen(保利參), paoshen(泡參), jibantui(鷄半腿), yangponai(羊婆妨) and so on. Moreover shashen was named after its characteristics of that it grows well in the sandy soil and as a wushen(五參) with a renshen(人蔘) its form is different from that of wushen but their chief virtues are alike. 5. In the numerous medical books, xinyeshashen(杏葉沙蔘) regarded as nanshashen. It was called as the alias of jini, so I thouhgt that it was wrong xinyeshashen to be regarded as nanshashen. 6. It was used shashen for renshen, renshen was used to treat lung-cold syndrome by its efficacy of tonifying yang and shashen lung-heat syndrome by its efficacy of nourishing yin, the reasons of that because shashen had amount of sap, its properies and flavours of herbs are light and clean. 7. The constituents of shashen were essential oil, starch, shashen-saponin, furocoumarin, xanthotoxin(ammoidin), inulin, sugar, mucus and have efficacies of resolving phlegm, promoting production of body fluid, immunomodulational and antibiotic efficacies. above results indicated that the origin of shashen and substitutional plants was various. Their efficacies are somewhat alike, but there were characteristic efficacies each other. Nowadays they are used together with, so we should know the characteristic efficacies of them and then we using them clinically, more deep discrimination and experimental support shoud be accomplished.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

Background and Objectives : There are four kinds of formulas for invigorating the kidney to cure its asthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Boshintang, Boshinhwan, Boshinsan, and Boshingaeng. There are 16 kinds of Boshintang, 28 kinds of Boshinhwan, 3 kinds of Boshinsan, and one kind of Boshingaeng. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for invigorating the kidney, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Boshintang for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Boshintang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$ , the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Boshintang is an even prescription, composed of 6 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Fructus Lycii (3don;11.25g), No.2 Radix Polygoni Multiflori (1don:3.75g), No.3 Sarcucarpium Corni (1don), No.4 Fructus Schisandrae (1don), No.5 Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (5poon: 1.875g), and No.6 Cortex Phellodendri (5poon) Results : There are three methods for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney according to the five elements doctrine : invigorating the kidney, invigorating the lung and purging the spleen. First, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your kidney. There are two available methods, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the bitter taste and the cold property invigorate the kidney. In the case of taste invigoration, two herbal medicines with bitter taste, Fructus Lycii and Radix Polygoni Multiflori, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property invigoration, two herbal medicines with the cold property, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Secondly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your lung which is mother in the mother-child relationship in inter-promotion among the five elements. There are two methods to invigorate the lung, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sour taste and the cool property invigorate the lung. Therefore, it is important to use sour herbal medicines for taste invigoration and cool ones for property invigoration. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to purge your spleen which is an element being surpassed in the relationship between the elements surpassed and ones not surpassed in inter-restraint among the five elements. There are two methods to purge the spleen, which include taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste purgation means to purge the spleen with bitter taste and property purgation to purge the spleen with cool property. Therefore, it is important to use bitter herbal medicines for taste purgation and cool ones for property purgation. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri. were combined to purge the spleen and invigorate the kidney. In addition, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, reinforcing the kidney energy. Conclusions : First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, the methods of invigorating the kidney and the lung, and purging the spleen should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Boshintang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1983

Characteristics of the lung inflation and deflation reflexes were measured at various temperatures on the cervical vagi in five anesthetized mongrel dogs. Nerve temperature was maintained at the body temperature, and 2-14˚C with 2˚C apart using a specially designed automated vagal cooling apparatus with an accuracy to within $\pm$ 0.1˚c at each temperature. The inflation reflex was blocked abruptly at 8-10˚C. The deflation reflex started weakened at 14˚C, thereafter showed a gradual blockade with the temperature decreased with a substantial variance among the animals.It was approximately 75% blocked at 2-5˚C. These differences in temperature characteristics made it hard to differentiate the deflation reflex from the inflation reflex. In one animal, however, the inflation reflex was completely blocked with the deflation reflex almost alive at 6-8˚C. This suggests that differential cold blockade of the vagal reflexes can be done only in selected subjects. Furthermore, the fact that these two reflexes were blocked at different temperatures may be due to the differences in the nerve fiber size and the changes in the conduction velocity with temperature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.652-656
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• 2005

Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease in the world. It is urgent to develop new vaccine and treating drugs. Besides vaccines, we want to know the effects of regular swim training on TB infection in the mouse model. This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swim training on lung and spleen TB counts and $INF-\gamma$ activity in the trained mice at different temperature. The trained mice underwent a 10-wk endurance swim training (5 times/wk) in water at $29\~33^{\circ}C$ (WWG) and $21\~23^{\circ}C$(CWG) for 60 min. And they were divided into 3 groups according to the regular swim training (CG; control, WWG; warm water group, and CWG; cold water group). Mice were challenged by aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv using an inhalation device (Glas-Col, Terre Haute, Ind.) calibrated to deliver bacteria into lungs. Three weeks after immunization, the mice were challenged. Four weeks after challenge, the mice were sacrificed and the numbers of viable bacteria in lung and spleen were determined by plating serial dilution of whole organ homogenates on nutrient Middlebrook 7H11 agar (Difco, Detroit, MI). Colonies were counted after four weeks incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. All data were expressed as mean, standard deviation by using SPSS package program (win 10.0). The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows; In the weight changes, there were significant differences among CG, WWG, and CWG following the swim training at different temperature, and CWG was the lowest. In the change of $INF-\gamma$ following the swim training, there were significant differences (p<.05) among CG, WWG, and CWG after stimulated with media and CFP. In MTB counts, there were significant differences (p<.05) between CG and WWG in the lung. And also there were significant differences (p<.05) among CG, WWG, and CWG. These results suggest that regular swim training suppress Th1 immune response caused by decreased $INF-\gamma$ level in the WWG, Also For the WWG, highly increased level of TB counts appear in the lung and spleen compare to CG.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1159-1166
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• 1997

For Improvement of lung preservation, many tripes of preservation solution were developed and tested. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the most frequently used extracellular type pieservation solution (Low Potassium Dextran, LPD) with a newly developed trehalose containing extracellular type preservation solution(ET-Kyoto, ETK) on postischemic lung function. Twelve New-Zealand white rabbit lungs were harvested and studied on an isolated, blood-perfused model of lung function after 4 hours of cold ischemia at $10^{\circ}C$ In group I (n=6), lungs were preserved with 100 mL/kg of LPD solution; in group II(n=6), lungs were preserved with 100 mL/kg of ETK solution. A few minutes before flushing with preservation solutions, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$ of PGEI were injected into main pulmonary artery. Functions of the preserved lung were compared with PO2, PA pressure, t acheal air pressure, and drylwet ratio. The pulmonary efferent blood oxygen tension at the end of the 60-minute reperfusion period was higher in group II compacted with group I(486.5 $\pm$ 80.3 mmHg versus $432.5\pm82.9$ mmHg at FiO2 1.0, p-value = NS). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was similar in both $groups.(33.7\pm2.2$ mmHg versus $35.5\pm2.0$ mmHg, p-value : NS). The peak inspiratory airway pressure was significantly lower in group 11(8.010.6 mmHg versus 11.8 $\pm$ 1.4 mmHg, p-value=0.02) The water content of the lung was lower in group II $(70.2\pm6.9%$ versus 78.5 $\pm6.1%),$ but not significant. These data demonstrate that a newly-developed trehalose-containing ET-Kyoto solution yield equal or slightly superior lung function after reperfusion compared with LPD solution.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.576-583
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• 2018

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are one of the major causes of common cold in humans and are also associated with acute asthma and bronchial illness. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a molecular chaperone, is an important host factor for the replication of single-strand RNA viruses. In the current study, we examined the effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor pochonin D, in vitro and in vivo, using a murine model of human rhinovirus type 1B (HRV1B) infection. Our data suggested that Hsp90 inhibition significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokine production and lung damage caused by HRV1B infection. The viral titer was significantly lowered in HRV1B-infected lungs and in Hela cells upon treatment with pochonin D. Infiltration of innate immune cells including granulocytes and monocytes was also reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by pochonin D treatment after HRV1B infection. Histological analysis of the lung and respiratory tract showed that pochonin D protected the mice from HRV1B infection. Collectively, our results suggest that the Hsp90 inhibitor, pochonin D, could be an attractive antiviral therapeutic for treating HRV infection.