• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.723-729
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• 2012

Spring-like leg models have been employed to explain various dynamic characteristics in human walking. However, this leg stiffness model has limitations to represent complex motion of actual human gait, especially the behaviors of each lower limb joint. The purpose of this research was to determine changes of total leg stiffness and lower limb joint stiffness with gait speed in knee osteoarthritis. Joint stiffness defined as the ratio of the joint torque change to the angular displacement change. Eight subjects with knee osteoarthritis participated to this study. The subject walked on a 12 m long and 1 m wide walkway with three sets of four different randomly ordered gait speeds, ranging from their self-selected speed to maximum speed. Kinetic and kinematic data were measured using three force plates and an optical marker system, respectively. Joint torques of lower limb joints calculated by a multi-segment inverse dynamics model. Total leg and each lower limb joint had constant stiffness during single support phase. The leg and hip joint stiffness increased with gait speed. The correlation between knee joint angles and torques had significant changed by the degree of severity of knee osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to compare the circumference and skinfold thickness of upper and lower limb and the leg strength of the casted limb with those of the normal limb after removal of a leg cast. The subjects for the study were orthopedic patients who had had long and short leg casts or splints due to tibial, fibulal, metatarsal, calcaneus fracture or ankle sprains. The subjects were divided into two groups, those who had the cast on for less than 40 days and those for over 41 days. Circumference and skinfold thickness of the upper and lower limb on the side on which the cast was ap-plied were compared with those of the contralateral side after removal of the cast. Circumference and skinfold thickness of the upper and lower limb, and leg strength for those in a cast for under 40 days were compared with those of over 41 days for both the side to which cast was applied and the contralateral side. Measurements were made after removal of the cast. Skinfold thickness was measured by fat caliper, circumference was measured by tape and lower extremity strength was determined with flat foot pressing on an electronic digital health meter in the sitting position. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. The circumference of the upper and lower leg on the side on which the cast was applied, when measured after the cast was removed, were significantly less than those of the normal side, 93.88%, 93.11% each. 2. Skinfold thickness of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius on the side on which the cast was applied were significantly less than those of the normal side when measured after removal of the cast, 85.98%, 82.85% respectively. 3. Leg strength on the side where the cast was applied was significantly 1ss than that on the normal side, 60.20%. 4. There was no difference in the circumference of upper and lower limbs, skinfold thickness or leg strength on the side where the cast was applied between the group which had the cast applied for under 40 days and the group that had it applied for over 41 days. 5. The circumference of the upper arm and lower leg on the normal side for the group that had the cast applied for over 41 days was significantly greater than the group that had the cast application for under 40 days. T ere was no difference between the two groups in the circumference of the forearm and upper leg, skinfold thickness and leg strength in the normal side. From these results, it may be concluded that muscle atrophy was apparent in the casted limb compared to the normal limb, and the circumference of the upper arm and lower leg, and leg strength on the normal side increased after removal of the cast in the group which had the cast on for more than 41 days.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the circumference, skinfold thickness and strength of the normal and casted lower limb prior to casting and following removal of the cast. The subjects for the study were nine orthopedic patients who had had long and short leg casts due to a tibial, fibula, or calcaneus fracture, or to a lateral collateral ligament rupture. Circumference, skinfold thickness, and strength of the normal and casted lower limb following removal of the cast were compared with those prior to the application of the cast. Measurements were made before cast application and after removal of the cast. Skinfold thickness was measured by fat caliper, circumference was measured by tape and strength was determined by measuring the length of time the leg was held elevated at 45$^{\circ}$. The results can be summarized as follows 1. There was no change in the normal limb in the circumference of the midthigh and midcalf after casting as compared to before cast application. 2. In the casted limb the circumference of the midthigh decreased by 3.23% and that of the midcalf decreased significantly by 7.49% during the period of casting. 3. In the normal limb skinfold thickness of the quadriceps decreased and that of gastrocnemius increased by 20.63% during the period of cast application. 4. In the casted limb skinfold thickness of the quadriceps decreased significantly by 12.37% and that of gastrocnemius decreased by 10% during the period of cast application. 5. Strength of the normal lower extremity decreased significantly by 48.37% and that of casted lower extremity decreased remarkably by 73.07% during the period of cast application. 6. Circumference of the midthigh and the midcalf decreased significantly by 7.6% and 9.4% respectively on the casted side as compared to the normal side. Skinfold thickness of the quadriceps and the gastrocnemius on the casted side decreased by 6.12% and 18.55% respectively as compared to the normal side and strength in the lower extremity on the casted side decreased significantly by 44.32% as compared to the nor-mal side. From these results, it may be concluded that muscle atrophy occurs in the casted lower limb and muscle strength of the normal lower limb are also reduced during the period of application of a leg cast.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.74-80
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• 1985

This study was attempted to identify the difference between body image of the patients with lower limb fracture and that of normal persons, and to examine if supportive group care could offer an apportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture under the Quasi-experimental design. The subjects for this study were obtained by ta-king convenient sample of soldiers; the experimental group were 44 lower limb fractured patients hospitalized on the orthopedic Surgery unit in S Army General Hospital, while the control group were 44 normal enlisted men serving in the B Army regiment. Supportive group nursing care was given to the lower limb fractured patients who belong to the experimental group. Pre-and post-tests were administered to the experimental and the control group. The instruments to measure body image of the subjects were body Cathexis Scale developed by Scord and Jourard (1953) and Body Meaning Scale dove-loped by the reseacher. The reliability coefficients by Cronhach's u-test were .95 in body Cathexis Scale and .89 in Body Meaning Scale in this study. Data for this study were collected over a period 12 days from the 12th to the 24th of October, 1984 by the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer. Frequency, Percentage and x²-test were used to examine general chacteristics of the subjects. t-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. Analysis of variance was used to test difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to identify the correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale. The results of this study were as follows: 1. No significant difference was found between the experimental and the control group on general characteristics of the subjects (p> .05). 2. Hypothesis I:“There will be a difference in body image between patiens with lower limb fracture and normal persons,”was supported(Body Cathexis t=6.91, p<.001, Body Meaning t=5.66, p< .001). 3. Hypothesis Ⅱ;“The will be a difference in body image of patients with lower limb fracture bet-ween after and before, supportive group nursing care was provided,”was supported (Body Cathexis t=5.90, p<.001, Body Meaning t=4.45, p <.001). 4. There was no significant difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics (p> .05). 5. The correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale: It was reported that Body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in total subjects of the experimental and control group (r=.744, p<.001). That is, there was relatively high correlation between two scales. body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in the experimental group(r=.738, p <.001) and in the control group (r=.352, p <.001). That is, there was more than moderate correlation between two scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a difference in body image between patients with lower limb fracture and normal persons, and supportive group nursing care offered an opportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.219-223
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• 2021

Background A micro-arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a minute, short shunt between an artery and a vein that does not pass through a capillary. We investigated the association between micro-AVFs and lymphedema using computed tomography angiography (CTA) and venous blood gas analysis. Methods In 95 patients with lower limb lymphedema, the presence or absence of early venous return (EVR) was compared between patients with primary and secondary lymphedema. Furthermore, we investigated the difference in the timing of edema onset in patients with secondary lymphedema with or without EVR using CTA. In 20 patients with lower limb lymphedema with confirmed early EVR in a unilateral lower limb, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) was compared between the lower limb with EVR and the contralateral lower limb. Results Secondary lymphedema with or without EVR occurred at an average of 36.0±59.3 months and 93.5±136.1 months, respectively; however, no significant difference was noted. PO₂ was 57.6±11.7 mmHg and 44.1±16.4 mmHg in the EVR and non-EVR limbs, respectively, which was a significant difference (P=0.005). Conclusions EVR and venous blood gas analysis suggested the presence of micro-AVFs in patients with lower extremity edema. Further research is warranted to examine the cause of micro-AVFs, to advance technology to facilitate the confirmation of micro-AVFs by angiography, and to improve lymphedema by ligation of micro-AVFs.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.1495-1499
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• 2003

There is some equipment that helps user to exercise and to walk. But almost all equipments require some physical strength of their muscles. So we developed a system that could assist walking action of the people with lower-limb disability. The system called as walking stand adopted the balancing mechanism which assures the stable walking, and the 4 link-based mechanism that had 2 degrees of freedom on each leg. The walking stand uses four motors and has two sets of the special link-structure to simulate the human walking mechanism. With our system, even serious disabled with lower-limb disability may enjoy walking rehabilitation. And by adjusting the power, it can be used as the walking assistant mechanism instead of conventional wheelchairs. Experiments showed that our walking stand is applicable to the rehabilitation and also to the mobile device in our daily life for those people who do not have enough physical ability to walk by themselves.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 1996

The purpose of this research is to measure range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion such as the hip, knee and ankle joints for 47 young male students. The results of ANOVA revealed that anthropometric dimensions including weight and stature did not show any significant effects on the range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion and the range of motion with two degrees of freedom at the shoulder, virtual hip and hip joints. Anthropometric dimensions such as age, weight, statuire, arm length, shoulder height and leg length were found to be lowly correlated with the range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion. It is expected that the data on the range of joint motion suggested in this study can be used as a valuable input data when designing workplace, predicting human posture and reach volume, etc.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2016

Purpose: This study focuses on influence of ankle stabilization training on balance ability and lower limb muscle activation of soccer player with functional ankle instability. Methods: Subjects were grouped into ankle stabilization training group using biofeedback comprised of 15 subjects and general exercise group of 15. The training was conducted for 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 8 weeks in total. All 30 football players conducted plyometric training for 30 minutes before main training. To evaluate balance ability, biorescure was used to measure whole path length and surface area and surface electromyography (EMG) system was used to measure tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and soleus to evaluate lower limb muscle activation. Results: The experiment group showed significant difference to the comparison group in regard of whole path length and surface area which represents balancing capability and muscle activation of tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and soleus. Conclusion: Therefore, ankle stabilization training using biofeedback is more effective in enhancing balance ability and lower limb muscle activation than general exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.211-217
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• 2018

Purpose: This study is to investigate influence of tDCS on lower limb muscle activity and balance ability in soccer player. Methods: Sessions were conducted with 15 subjects in tDCS group and 15 in action observation training group for 20 minutes, 5 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. All soccer players underwent 30 minutes of plyometric training before main exercise. To evaluate lower limb muscle activation, rectus femoris and biceps femoris were taken measure using surface electromyogram system and to evaluate balance ability, surface area, whole path length, limited of stability were measured using biorescue. Results: Regarding balance shown in surface area, whole path length, limited of stability and muscle activation in rectus femoris and biceps femoris, tDCS group showed more significant change than action bservation training group. Conclusion: Therefore, intervention using tDCS is more effective in improving lower limb muscle activation and balance ability than action observation training.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2010

Objectives : The bone proportional cun and body cun have been used widely for the location of acupoints in oriental medical clinic. The aim of this study is to compare the two location methods. Methods : 21 students were examined for the location of 6 acupoints (each 2 points in the 3 parts of upper limb, abdomen, and lower limb) using the twe methods. The data of location were analyzed with t-test. Results : In the upper limb, the data from bone proportional cun and body cun were proved to be different significantly. However, there was no significant difference between the data from the two methods in the abdomen and lower limb. Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrate that the oriental medical doctors should be more careful in the choice of appropriate method for the location of acupoints in the upper limb, while it is not important whether they use bone proportional cun and body cun in the abdomen and lower limb.