• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1165-1174
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• 2011

In data broadcasting systems, servers continuously disseminate data items through broadcast channels, and mobile client only needs to wait for the data of interest to present on a broadcast channel. However, because broadcast channels are shared by a large set of data items, the expected delay of receiving a desired data item may increase. This paper explores the issue of designing proper data allocation on multiple broadcast channels to minimize the average expected delay time of all data items, and proposes a new data allocation scheme named two level bin-packing(TLBP). This paper first introduces the theoretical lower-bound of the average expected delay, and determines the bin capacity based on this value. TLBP partitions all data items into a number of groups using bin-packing algorithm and allocates each group of data items on an individual channel. By employing bin-packing algorithm in two step, TLBP can reflect a variation of access probabilities among data items allocated on the same channel to the broadcast schedule, and thus enhance the performance. Simulation is performed to compare the performance of TLBP with three existing approaches. The simulation results show that TLBP outperforms others in terms of the average expected delay time at a reasonable execution overhead.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2002

This paper discuss an index-based subsequence matching that supports time warping in large sequence databases. Time warping enables finding sequences with similar patterns even when they are of different lengths. In earlier work, Kim et al. suggested an efficient method for whole matching under time warping. This method constructs a multidimensional index on a set of feature vectors, which are invariant to time warping, from data sequences. For filtering at feature space, it also applies a lower-bound function, which consistently underestimates the time warping distance as well as satisfies the triangular inequality. In this paper, we incorporate the prefix-querying approach based on sliding windows into the earlier approach. For indexing, we extract a feature vector from every subsequence inside a sliding window and construct a multidimensional index using a feature vector as indexing attributes. For query processing, we perform a series of index searches using the feature vectors of qualifying query prefixes. Our approach provides effective and scalable subsequence matching even with a large volume of a database. We also prove that our approach does not incur false dismissal. To verify the superiority of our approach, we perform extensive experiments. The results reveal that our approach achieves significant speedup with real-world S&P 500 stock data and with very large synthetic data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2008

ZnO has a very large exciton binding energy (60 meV) as well as thermal and chemical stability, which are expected to allow efficient excitonic emission, even at room temperature. ZnO based electronic devices have attracted increasing interest as the backplanes for applications in the next-generation displays, such as active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) and active-matrix organic light emitting diodes (AMOLEDs), and in solid state lighting systems as a substitution for GaN based light emitting diodes (LEDs). Most of these electronic devices employ the electrical behavior of n-type semiconducting active oxides due to the difficulty in obtaining a p-type film with long-term stability and high performance. p-type ZnO films can be produced by substituting group V elements (N, P, and As) for the O sites or group I elements (Li, Na, and K) for Zn sites. However, the achievement of p-type ZnO is a difficult task due to self-compensation induced from intrinsic donor defects, such as O vacancies (Vo) and Zn interstitials ($Zn_i$), or an unintentional extrinsic donor such as H. Phosphorus (P) doped ZnO thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with various Ar/ $O_2$ gas ratios. Control of the electrical types in the P-doped ZnO films was achieved by varying the gas ratio with out post-annealing. The P-doped ZnO films grown at a Ar/ $O_2$ ratio of 3/1 showed p-type conductivity with a hole concentration and hole mobility of $10^{-17}cm^{-3}$ and $2.5cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed that the ZnO (0002) peak shifted to lower angle due to the positioning of $p^{3-}$ ions with a smaller ionic radius in the $O^{2-}$ sites. This indicates that a p-type mechanism was due to the substitutional Po. The low-temperature photoluminescence of the p-type ZnO films showed p-type related neutral acceptor-bound exciton emission. The p-ZnO/n-Si heterojunction LEO showed typical rectification behavior, which confirmed the p-type characteristics of the ZnO films in the as-deposited status, despite the deep-level related electroluminescence emission.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2003

The p53 protein was discovered in 1979 as cellular 53-kD nuclear phosphoprotein bound to the large transforming antigen of SV40 virus. $P21^{WAF1/CIP1}$, which has been described as the critical downstream mediator of p53, is known to suppress DNA replication and arrest the G1 cell cycle by quaternary complex with cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA). In these days, some studies shows that the p21 can be induced by independent pathways. There are various reports about the expression of p21 (67%.82.4%) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. But these studies are mostly done in malignant tumor not in benign tumor. So we decided to study the expression of p21 in ameloblastoma and the relationship between p53 and p21 as a downstream mediator of p53 in ameloblastoma. We investigated the expression of p21 and p53 with the method of immunohistochemistry. We selected 30 cases of ameloblastoma tissue blocks (acanthomatous type: 5 cases, follicular type: 8 cases, plexiform type: 17 cases) imbedded in paraffin. We used 30 cases of normal gingival tissues and 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma tissues (SCC) respectively and compared their results with those of ameloblastoma. We made slides with the streptavidin-biotin methods and used monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Novocastra, Newcastle, United Kingdom) as p53 antibody and monoclonal antibody M7202 (DAKO, California, U.S.A.) as p21 antibody. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyse the relationship. The results were as follows: 1. p21 was expressed in ameloblastoma about 30% and this is lower than that of normal gingiva and SCC. 2. In normal gingiva and ameloblastoma, p21 expression was correlated with p53 expression. 3. In SCC, p21 were expressed about 83.3% and this is more than that of p53. But there was no correlation between p21 and p53 expression. We confirmed p21 expression and relation with p53 in ameloblastoma. But, to confirm the function of p21, more studies about p21 expression in malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma are needed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.62-71
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• 2013

The passive emitter location method using TDOA and FDOA measurements has higher accuracy comparing to the single TDOA or FDOA based method. Moreover, it is able to estimate the velocity vector of a moving platform. Recently, several non-iterative methods were suggested using the nuisance parameter but the common reference sensor is needed for each pair of sensors. They show also relatively low performance in the case of a long range between the sensor groups and the emitter. To solve this, we derive the estimation method of the position and velocity of a moving platform based on the Gauss-Newton method. In addition, to analyze the estimation performance of the position and velocity, respectively, we decompose the CRLB matrix into each subspace. Simulation results show the estimation performance of the derived method and the CEP planes according to the given geometry of the sensors.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2004

The knowledge of rock strength is important in assessing wellbore stability problems, effective sanding, and the estimation of in situ stress field. Numerous empirical equations that relate unconfined compressive strength of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, and limestone, and dolomite) to physical properties (such as velocity, elastic modulus, and porosity) are collected and reviewed. These equations can be used to estimate rock strength from parameters measurable with geophysical well logs. Their ability to fit laboratory-measured strength and physical property data that were compiled from the literature is reviewed. While some equations work reasonably well (for example, some strength-porosity relationships for sandstone and shale), rock strength variations with individual physical property measurements scatter considerably, indicating that most of the empirical equations are not sufficiently generic to fit all the data published on rock strength and physical properties. This emphasizes the importance of local calibration before one utilizes any of the empirical relationships presented. Nonetheless, some reasonable correlations can be found between geophysical properties and rock strength that can be useful for applications related to wellhole stability where haying a lower bound estimate of in situ rock strength is especially useful.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used for anti-wrinkling therapy, and correction of the square face. The toxin ultimately prevent the release of membrane-bound acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of striated muscles and thus produce chemical denervation and paralysis of the muscles. Our purpose of study is to know if application of botulinum toxin type A on calf reduction is effective, how much dosage is effective, and what are the possible complications. We reviewed data of 30 consecutive patients subjected to calf reduction in Dong-A University Hospital from February 2003 to April 2003. We injected normal saline 2cc on both calves region in 15 control group patients, and the other patients was divided 3 group. Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 was injected 50U, 100U, 150U botulinum toxin A on each calf region and followed up for 6 month. Maximal circumference of calf was not changed in the control group but an average of 0.7 cm reduction was noted in group 1, average 1.34 cm(right calf) and 1.26cm(left calf) in group 2, average 1.44cm(right calf) and 1.58cm(left calf) in group 3. Maximal area of calf was not changed in the control group but average reduction of 12.5%(right calf) and 12.7%(left calf) was obtained in group 1, average 19.4% (right calf) and 19.9%(left calf) in group 2, average 24.8%(right calf) and 21.07%(left calf) in group 3, as measured on CAT scan. Total fat amount and fat amount in the lower extremity was no change in all the groups, but lean body mass was decreased average 1.27%(right calf) and 1.15%(left calf) in group 1, average 3.47%(right calf) and 2.98%(left calf) in group 2, average 3.58%(right calf) and 3.95%(left calf) in group 3. Photography of the preoperative and postoperative 6 month state revealed higher satisfaction in Group 2, 3 compared to Group 1. Use of botulinum toxin type A in calf reduction is a very simple, safe, non-invasive method and effective in terms of calf contouring rather than reduction of calf circumference.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1986

This study was carried out to determine the heavy metal contents in sluges of Keumho river and her branches. The heavy metal contents of sludge are the highest in Sincheon, Kongdancheon and Dalseocheon among the branches. The large part of heavy metal exists in $0{\sim}5cm$ from sludge surface. The sequential extraction with various reagents showed that the residual and organically bound fraction were the most abundant pool. Decomposition of organic matter caused sludge to release heavy metals. On the extraction of sludge with various solution having different pH, it was found that the lower the pH, the more heavy metal was extracted. However, considerable amount of heavy metal was not extracted even with pH 3 solution.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.409-419
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• 2007

Database community focuses on the similar music retrieval systems for music database when a humming query is given. One of the approaches is converting the midi data to time series, building their indices and performing the similarity search on them. Queries based on humming can be transformed to time series by using the known pitch detection algorithms. The recently suggested algorithm, scaled and warped matching, is based on dynamic time warping and uniform scaling. This paper proposes Humming BIRD(Humming Based sImilaR mini music retrieval system) using sliding window and center-aligned scaled and warped matching. Center-aligned scaled and warped matching is a mixed distance measure of center-aligned uniform scaling and time warping. The newly proposed measure gives tighter lower bound than previous ones which results in reduced search space. The empirical results show the superiority of this algorithm comparing the pruning power while it returns the same results.