• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1073-1077
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• 2018

Nitrite plays a major role in inhibiting the growth of foodborne pathogens, including Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) that causes botulism, a life-threatening disease. Nitrite serves as a color-fixing agent in processed meat products. However, N-nitroso compounds can be produced from nitrite, which are considered as carcinogens. Thus, consumers desire processed meat products that contain lower concentrations (below conventional concentrations of products) of nitrite or no nitrite at all, although the portion of nitrite intake by processed meat consumption in total nitrite intake is very low. However, lower nitrite levels might expose consumers to risk of botulism poisoning due to C. botulinum or illness caused by other foodborne pathogens. Hence, lower nitrite concentrations in combination with other factors such as low pH, high sodium chloride level, and others have been recommended to decrease the risk of food poisoning. In addition, natural compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth and function as color-fixing agents have been developed to replace nitrite in processed meat products. However, their antibotulinal effects have not been fully clarified. Therefore, to have processed meat products with lower nitrite concentrations, low pH, high sodium chloride concentration, and others should also be applied together. Before using natural compounds as replacement of nitrite, their antibotulinal activities should be examined.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3685-3690
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• 2015

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5% of the target population use them. Fear of increased cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, is one reason for this. Due to low OC uptake and low screening participation, a paucity of data is available on the risk of OC use and breast cancer in Japanese women. The present study investigated OC use and breast cancer risk, as well as menstrual, reproductive and family factors. Materials and Methods: This was a clinic-based case-control study of women aged 20-69yrs who had undergone breast screening between January 2007 and December 2013 in central Tokyo. In all, 28.8% of the participants had experience with OC use. Cases were 155 women with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer. Controls were the remaining 12,333 women. Results: Increased age was a significant risk factor for breast cancer (p<0.001). A lower risk was found in premenopausal women presently taking OC compared to never users (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.90) after adjusting for age, parity and breast feeding, and a family history of breast cancer. Conclusions: Increased age rather than OC use had a greater effect on breast cancer risk. This risk may be decreased in premenopausal women with OC use, but further long-term prospective studies are necessary.

• 한국건강관리협회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2004

Objective : To identify the risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Korea Materials and methods : Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 808 apparently normal postmenopausal Korean women. Questions about life style, demographic parameters, medical history and social habits etc. were asked on these women; 2ll women with normal bone mineral density, and 597 women with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Results 'Age of >50 years, low body mass index (BMI; <18.5 kg/m2), long duration of menopause(>10 years), and previous history of fracture were associated with increased prevalence of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Women without the outside activity also showed a higher frequency of low bone mass, Risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis was low in women with high BMI (>23 kg/m2) and women with job. The prevalence of low bone mass appeared to be independent of the following parameters: socioeconomic status, familial history, smoking, drinking, exercise, previous use of oral contraceptive, coffee or milk consumption, and degree of sunlight exposure. Conclusion 'Age, BMI, duration of menopause, previous history of fracture and degree of outside activity are the risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Korea.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.463-472
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• 2022

In this study, a microbial risk assessment was performed for the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which causes a foodborne illness following the consumption of Jeotgal, a fermented seafood in South Korea. The assessment comprised of six stages: product, market, home, consumption, dose-response, and risk. The initial contamination level (IC) was calculated based on the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in 90 Jeotgal samples. The kinetic behavior of V. parahaemolyticus was described using predictive models. The data on transportation conditions from manufacturer to market and home were collected through personal communication and from previous studies. Data for the Jeotgal consumption status were obtained, and an appropriate probability distribution was established. The simulation models responding to the scenario were analyzed using the @RISK program. The IC of V. parahaemolyticus was estimated using beta distribution [Beta (1, 91)]. The cell counts during transportation were estimated using Weibull and polynomial models [δ = 1 / (0.0718 - 0.0097 × T + 0.0005 × T²)], while the probability distributions for time and temperature were estimated using Pert, Weibull, Uniform, and LogLogistic distributions. Daily average consumption amounts were assessed using the Pareto distribution [0.60284,1.32,Risk Truncate(0,155)]. The results indicated that the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection through Jeotgal consumption is low in South Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.563-568
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide and its frequency is increasing gradually in many countries. Over the last three decades an increase in the breast cancer has been witnessed in the earlier low-risk Asian countries including Pakistan. Purpose: The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of known risk factors like early menarche, late menopause, socio economic, reproductive and demographic factors, among women diagnosed with breast cancer at INMOL hospital, Lahore, Punjab, as little information exists in this regard. Materials and Methods: A survey study was conducted on 200 women diagnosed with breast cancer who were seen at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) hospital, Lahore. A structured questionnaire was administered to these patients regarding the known risk factors through face to face interviews after obtaining appropriate consent. Results: Regarding non-modifiable risk factors, our study showed that majority of the breast cancer patients were diagnosed at 35-45 years (32.5%) or at older age (${\leq}46$) and experienced menarche at 12 years or older (66 %). Likewise, a large number of patients reached menopause at the age of 45 years (60%), had no family and personal history of breast cancer (80%) and hence fell in a low risk category. Regarding modifiable risk factors in women diagnosed with breast cancer, most of the patients fell in low risk strata as the majority were married (98%) at young age, breastfed their children for 12 months or more (88%) and bore two to three children (80%). Considering income criteria, the majority of the patients had a low risk profile as they belonged to middle class (70%), urban area (60%) and were house wives (80%). However, it was noted that a considerable number of women (34%) diagnosed with breast cancer experienced menarche at an early age (<12) and reached menopause after the age of 45 years. This situation is further augmented by environmental changes and dietary habits and places them in a high risk category.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the association between working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Korea. Methods : We obtained data on health history, lifestyle, housework and Working conditions, such as shift work, hours standing, working time, job demand, lifting at work and at home, between August and September 2000, from self-reported questionnaires. A group of 344, occupationally active, pregnant women from 51 industries were studied. Of the women studied, 328 women were further interviewed by telephone between November 2000 and September 2001. Result : Compared with daytime work, shift work increased the risk for preform birth (an adjusted risk ratio of 2.74, 95% CI=1.02-2.62) and low birth weight (an adjusted risk ratio of 2.74,95% CI=1.02-2.02). A significantly increased risk was found for prolonged standing, with an adjusted risk ratio of preform births of 6.80 (95% CI=2.01-23.0). There were no significant differences in the incidence of spontaneous abortion between the occupational working conditions, with the enception of a previous history of spontaneous abortion. Conclusion : These findings suggest that maternal working conditions, such as shift work and prolonged standing, contribute significantly to preterm birth and low birth weight.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2013

Early diagnosis has a major role in improving prognosis of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk status of women 35-69 years of age using risk assessment models and the prevalence of mammography in a community setting. The sample of this cross sectional study consisted of 227 women, 35-69 years of age residing in Izmir, a city located in western region of Turkey. A questionnaire was used to collect data and the Gail and Cuzick-Tyrer models were applied to assess the risk of breast cancer. In this study, 52.7% of women had mammography at least once, and 41.3% of the women over the age of 40 had mammography screening in the last two years. The five years risk for breast cancer was high in 15.8% of women according to the Gail model and ten years risk was high in 21.7% with the Cuzick-Tyrer model. In the present study, the breast cancer risk levels were assessed in a population setting for the first time in Turkey using breast cancer risk level assessment models. Being in 60-69 age group, having low education and not being in menopause were significant risk factors for not having mammography according to logistic regression analysis. Mammography utilization rate was low. Women must be educated about breast cancer screening methods and early diagnosis. The women in the high risk group should be informed on their risk status which may increase their attendance at breast cancer screening.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the self-rated health (SRH) could be a risk factor for compulsion. Methods: Data related with compulsion and SRH information were collected from 532 young adults aged over 20 years in South Korea. The distribution of the high and low SRH groups was analyzed using the chi-square test, whereas difference in quality of life (QoL) was analyzed using the t-test. Logistic regression was used to analyze the odds ratio (OR). Results: In the high and low-SRH groups, 44 (28.8%) and 23 (31.5%) men and 24 (10.4%) and 21 (27.6%) women, respectively, were at risk for compulsion (p<.001). For women, the compulsion scores of the low and high-SRH groups, respectively, were 15.8±9.53 and 9.9±8.47 (t=5.071, p<.001). The low-SRH group had higher ORs compared with the high-SRH group among women (OR 3.277, 95% confidence interval 1.699 - 6.321, p<.001) in the original model, and this phenomenon was significant even after adjusting for age and residence type. Conclusions: Low SRH may be a risk factor for compulsion. Further research for improving SRH by developing preventive measures against compulsion is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.86-96
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• 2022

Background: To explore the association between low back pain (LBP) and pelvic pain (PP) and rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) in postpartum women and identify the characteristics and risk factors. Methods: Women diagnosed with RAD and a history of labor and delivery, between 2009 and 2018, were identified from six hospitals within the Partners Healthcare System. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with pain. Results: Age at onset of RAD in the non-cesarean delivery group was earlier than those in cesarean delivery (CD) group (P = 0.017). Women who underwent CD demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those who had no CD exposure. The cumulative composition ratio of LBP at every age stage of the period from 8 years pre-first delivery to 8 years post-first delivery was significantly higher than the other five conditions (RAD, umbilical hernia, PP, depressive disorder [DD], and strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon [SMFT]) (P for trend < 0.001). Women with DD, SMFT, and PP were more likely to have LBP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 3.47, P = 0.032; OR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.64 to 12.36, P = 0.003; OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89, P = 0.013; respectively). Conclusions: In postpartum women with RAD, DD, SMFT, and PP were found to be risk factors contributing to the development of LBP. Race and LBP also played roles in the development of PP.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.154-168
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify knowledge, awareness, and risk of occurrence of venous thromboembolism among pregnant women. Methods: Subjects were 106 pregnant women treated as inpatients and outpatients at a women's health hospital in a metropolitan city February 19-March 22, 2018. Instruments consisted of questionnaires that included knowledge, awareness, and risk of occurrence of venous thromboembolism queries. Collected data were analyzed by t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean score of subjects' knowledge of venous thromboembolism was 4.47 (0-15), mean score of subjects' awareness of venous thromboembolism was 66.98 (25-100), and mean score of subjects' risk factor of venous thromboembolism was 0.98 (0-44). Conclusions: Pregnant women's level of knowledge and awareness of prevention and risk factors on venous thromboembolism, is significantly low. To raise their awareness of risk symptoms and prevent occurrence of the disease, it is essential for nurses as well as medical staffs to: 1) provide an educational program on venous thromboembolism for patients; 2) assess and monitor pregnant women with a risk factor of venous thromboembolism; and 3) implement proper prophylaxis for patients.