• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.817-830
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between effects of TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) and IFC(Interferrential Current Therapy) to the change of body surface temperature. Cases are 22 normal persons and 22 patients with low back pain. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging system was used for the detection of body surface temperature. 50Hz in frequency and 25-35mA in intensity were applied to TENS and IFC, 15 and 10 minutes on each. The results were follows ; 1. TENS and IFC has on effect of decreasing surface temperature, which would be from cardiovascular factors. (P<0.001) 2. The influence of IFC to the body surface temperature is greater than TENS, and it seems to be vasoconstriction of sympathetic activity. 3. There were no significant differences of body surface temperature between the two groups before and after electrical stimulation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.454-474
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• 2002

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a very potent dilatator and a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the peripheral and the central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action of VIP were examined in aortic circular and in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rat. The effects of sympathetic neurotransmitter were investigated in gastric and aortic circular muscle strips of the mouse and the rat. The effects of silver spike point, SSP, low frequency electrical stimulations of VIP, sympathetic neurotransmitter and $\beta$-endorphin were examined in plasma, serum and 24h urine from the healthy volunteer. In gastric smooth muscle strips from the mouse, adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine was inhibitory effected, followed by caused phasic and tonic contraction to the, muscrine receptor agonist carbachol and acetylcholine, respectively. In urine from the healthy volunteer, both norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly decreased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. The contractile responses to S-HT in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle strips of the rats were completely decreased by a VIP 1 $\mu$M. The contractile responses to PGF2$\alpha$ were not decreased by a VIP. In plasma and serum from the healthy volunteer, both VIP and $\beta$-endorphin were significantly increased in continue type and low frequency (3 Hz) of SSP electrical stimulations. Therefore, this study demonstrate that VIP has the capacity to relax vascular or gastric smooth muscles in part by stimulating the generation of NO, and silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation has the capacity both to decrease sympathetic neurotransmitters and to increase VIP, $\beta$-endorphin.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.525-536
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical anesthesia induced by non-acupuncture point stimulation on inhibition of amplitude of digastric EMG evoked by noxious electrical stimuli in teeth and gingiva. Experiments were performed with dogs anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium in an initial dose of 30mg/kg. Maintenance doses of 4.0ml/hour were given through a cannula in the femoral vein using a constant infusion pump. Anterior belly of digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of 0.1mm wire electrodes were inserted for E.M.G. recording. Bipolar electrodes were inserted into the labial and lingual surface of upper canine and the labial area of upper gingiva. Noxious stimuli were delivered to the tooth and gingiva through those electrodes by electric stimulator. Non-acupuncture point stimulation of 2Hz was delivered bilaterally to the femoral area. Amplitudes of digastric E.M.G. were measured from the oscilloscope and the monitor connected to amplifier at different intensities of electronic anesthesia of 1 volt, 4 volt and 10 volt. The inhibited rate of the amplitudes of digastric E.M.G. were analysed statistically with paired t-test. The following results were obtained : 1. Non-acupuncture point stimulation with intensities of 1 volt, 4 volt and 10 volt showed the inhibitory effect on pain of 15%, 25% and 16% in teeth and 15%, 18% and 12% in gingiva respectively 2. In tooth, statistical significance was observed between control and each group. In gingiva, there was statistical significance between control and group 1, 2 except group 3 From these results, low frequency electrical stimulation of non-acupuncture point resulted in reducing of dental and gingival pain, it could be used as adjunct to other pain control methods.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 1994

The role of nitric oxide(NO) as neurotransmitter in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxation induced by electrical stimulation has been studied in circular muscle strips of the rabbit gastric fundus. In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, low frequency$(1{\sim}20\;Hz)$ and short trains (5s) of electrical stimulation induced the frequency-dependent relaxations which were not affected by adrenergic and cholinergic blockage, but abolished by tetrodotoxin, a nerve conductance blocker. L-NNA, a stereospecific inhibitor of NO biosynthesis, inhibited the relaxations induced by electrical stimulation but not affected the relaxation to exogenous NO. The effect of L-NNA was prevented by L-arginine, the precursor of the NO biosynthesis, but not by its enantiomer, D-arginine. Exogenous administration of NO$(10{\sim}100\;{\mu}M)$ caused the concentration-dependent relaxation which showed a similarity to those obtained with electrical stimulation. Hemoglobin, a NO scavenger, abolished the NO-induced relaxations and also markedly inhibited those evoked by electrical stimulation. Application of adenosine triphosphate$(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ induced concentration-independent contractions, but in high dose caused temporary contraction followed by relaxation which was not affected by L-NNA. Exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide$(10{\sim}100\;nM)$ induced the concentration-dependent relaxation, while its effects were slower in onset and more persistent than those induced by short trains and low frequencies of electrical stimulation. Based on above results, it is suggested that NO is the principal neurotransmitter of NANC nerve at relaxation induced by short trains and low frequencies of electrical stimulation in the rabbit gastric fundus.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.47-63
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to determined the effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation on the denervated gastrocnemius muscles of the albino rats, Sprague-Dawley. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley adult male albino rats were divided into non-treated (normal) group, denervated (control) group, denervated and electrical stimulated (experiments). The gastrocnemius muscles of the right leg were submaximally stimulated with 30 Hz electrical stimulation. After 4-week period, the animals were sacrificed, and muscle were removed, fixed by immersion, and processed for light and electron microscopy. The numbers of Ag-NOR increased significantly (p<0.001), but significant reductions of girth(p<0.01), wet muscle weight (p<0.001), high glycogen content fiber (p<0.01), and mitochondrial number (p<0.05) were found in denervated control group. In comparison with control group, significant increase of right leg girth (p<0.05), wet muscle weight (p<0.001), high glycogen content fiber (p<0.05), numbers of Ag-NOR(p<0.001), number of mitochondria (p<0.01), mitochondrial volume found in electrical stimulated experimental group. The results suggest that the electrical stimulation of the muscle partially prevented the denervated atrophy in the rat gastrocnemius muscles.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2005

This study was designed to apply the stimulation system developed in our laboratory to investigate how the stimulation conditions affect the muscle contractile characteristics in the isometric condition as well as during the FES standing/walking. Four paraplegic and ten healthy subjects participated in this study, and their knee extensors were voluntary contracted or electrically stimulated to measure the muscle force and the fatigue index for different waveforms of the pulse train. We also investigated different combinations of the electrode positions during standing/walking. It was confirmed that continuous and high-frequency stimulation causes faster fatigue than intermittent and low-frequency stimulation. Fatigue resistance was higher around the optimal muscle length than at a stretched position in healthy subjects, whereas the opposite was observed in paralyzed subjects. The paired t-test results with the level of significance at 0.01 indicated that the sinusoidal waveform generated the largest torque among the four typical waveforms. Although statistically not very significant, the sinusoidal waveform also generated, in general, the highest fatigue resistance at an intensity level below the supramaximal stimulation. One of the paraplegic subject who participated in the standing/walking program can now stand up for 1 minute and 50 seconds with the knee extensors, and walk for about 5 minutes at the speed of 12m/sec.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.97-106
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) in the patients of dysmenorrhea. A total of thirty subjects were assigned randomly to one of the two experimental groups or to a control group : 1) an Experimental group I received high-frequency TENS(100pps with a 100-microsecond pluse width), 2) an Experimental group II received low-frequency TENS(2pps with a 100-microsecond pulse width), 3) a Control group received medication(Acetaminophen 600mg). All subjects completed visual analogue scale(VAS) pre-treatment; after post-treatment; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours post-treatment; and the next morning. The results of study were as follows; 1. The mean pain scores decreased in thru groups. 2. The experimental group II and the control group exhibited a significant decrease in pain post - treatment. 3. The experimental group I had the pain relief obtained after three hours post - treatment. The experimental group II had the pain relief obtained immediately after the post - treatment Control group had the pain relief obtained immediately after the post - treatment, but increased pain after four hours of post-treatment. Finally. this result suggests that TENS can reduce significantly the pain of dysmenorrhea. Besides. low-frequency TENS provided a good result to the excellent subjective pain relief in the subject, compared with high-frequency TENS and medication.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1207-1212
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• 2013

본 연구는 자세 동요의 감소를 목적으로 경피신경전기자극을 각각 다른 방법으로 적용하였을 때 가장 효과가 큰 방법을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 비복근에 경피신경전기자극을 적용하여 압력중심점의 이동으로 자세동요의 감소를 알아보았다. 24명의 참가자들은 힘판 위에 서있는 동안 경피신경전기자극을 전기자극 없이, 고빈도-고강도, 고빈도-저강도, 저빈도-고강도, 저빈도-저강도로 각각 30초간 적용하고 측정하였다. 5가지 적용방법을 무작위 순서로 눈을 뜬 상태에서 적용하였고, 힘판에서 나타나는 압력중심점의 이동거리와 속도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 경피신경전기자극을 실시한 군이 미적용군에 비해 자세동요가 통계적으로 유의하게 작아 경피신경전기자극이 동요의 감소에 효과가 있었다(p<.05). 적용 빈도에 따른 비교에서는 저빈도보다 고빈도에서 자세동요가 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 경피신경자극의 강도별 비교에서는 저강도를 적용한 경우가 고강도의 경우보다 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 보였다(p<.05). 이와같은 결과를 통해 자세동요를 감소시키기 위한 목적으로 경피신경전기자극을 이용하였을 때 고빈도(100Hz)-저강도(감각수준)에서 가장 큰 효과가 있었다(p<.05). 본 연구를 통해 경피신경전기자극이 자세동요를 감소시켜 균형능력을 향상시킴을 알 수 있었고, 고빈도-저강도의 적용이 가장 효과가 큰 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 이와같은 결과는 향후 균형능력이 감소된 환자들의 자세동요 감소를 위한 중재 방법으로 효과적으로 적용될 것으로 기대한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.227-232
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• 1985

Previously, we had reported that the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve with stimlatory parameters of 20 V strength and 2 Hz frequency for 60 min resulted in reducing the pain reaction. The present study was performed to evaluate if the pain reaction was affected by the peripheral nerve stimulation with different stimulatory parameters in the decerebrated cat. The flexion reflex was used as an index of the pain reaction. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (stimulus strength of 20 $V\;\times\;0.5$msec) and recorded as a compound action potential from the motor nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle. The common perneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve on which the electrical stimulation of various intensities and frequencies was applied. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The peripheral nerve stimulation with 100 mV strength, regardless of frequencies, did not affect the pain reaction induced by the sural nerve stimulation. 2) When the stimulus of 1V intensity and slow frequency (2 Hz) was applied to the peripheral nerve for 30 min or 60 min, the pain reaction was significantly reduced comparing to the control. However, this reduced pain reaction by the peripheral nerve stimulation was not reversed by the injection of naloxone (0.02 mg/kg) 3) High frequency stimulus (60 Hz) of 1V intensity for 30 or 60 min did not show any effects of affecting the pain reaction. These results suggest that the stimulus of relatively high intensity (at least 1V) and low frequency (2 Hz) is needed to elicite the analgesic effect by the peripheral nerve stimulation. By the 1V stimulus, $A\delta$ nerve fiber is activated. Therefore, an $A\delta$ or smaller nerve fibers must be activated for showing analgesia by the peripheral nerve stimulation. However, the mechanism of analgesia by the $A\delta$ nerve activation alone was not related to the endogeneous morphine system since the reduced pain reaction by the $A\delta$ fiber activation alone was not reversed by the treatment of naloxone.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2019

PURPOSE: To solve the problems of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients complaining of muscle fatigue and having limited motor abilities, this study provided the clinical basic data for pulmonary rehabilitation by examining the effects of High Low-Frequency Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) on the respiratory muscle strength, quadriceps muscle activity, and life quality. METHODS: Samples were collected from 20 COPD patients and placed randomly in a low-frequency group (n=10) and high-frequency group (n=10). For a pretest, the respiratory muscle strength (MIP, MEP), quadriceps muscle activity (LF, VM, VL), and life quality (SGRQ) were measured. After applying NMES to each group for 30 minutes at a time, five times a week, for four weeks, a posttest was conducted in the same way as the pretest. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant differences in the respiratory muscle strength, quadriceps muscle activity, and quality of life within the groups and there were significant differences in the quadriceps muscle activity between the groups. CONCLUSION: The four-weeks NMES positively influenced the respiratory muscle strength and life quality by enhancing the function of the quadriceps and exercise tolerance. In particular, high-frequency(75 Hz) NMES was more effective than low-frequency (15 Hz) NMES. This result can be an alternative means to improve the physical functions of COPD patients clinically in the future.