• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2012

Harmonic current was measured for a dummy cell with various values of resistance, and the procedure developed through the measurements was applied to the investigation of effects of the amplitude of applied frequency and applied potential on the harmonic current of a stainless steel and a carbon steel in chloride containing solutions. From the measurements of harmonic current in the dummy cell, the optimum values of applied frequency and applied potential in harmonic current measurements were found to be 1 mHz and 20 mV (or lower), respectively. Increase in harmonic current with applied frequency was observed in the case where the level of harmonic current is low as in a stainless steel. Decrease in polarization resistance was also noted in this corrosion system with either increasing applied frequency or decreasing applied potential. However, no obvious effects of applied frequency was observed on harmonic current and polarization resistance in a carbon steel in which the level of harmonic current is high.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2019

CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) is composed of carbon fiber and plastic resin, and is approximately 20 - 50% lighter than metallic materials. CFRP has a low density, higher specific stiffness, specific strength, and high corrosion resistance. Because of these excellent properties, which meet various regulation conditions needed in the industrial fields, CFRP has been widely used in many industries including aviation and ship building. However, CFRP reveals water absorption in water immersion or high humidity environments, and water absorption occurs in an epoxy not carbon fiber, and can be facilitated by higher temperature. Since these properties can induce volume expansion inside CFRP and change the internal stress state and degrade the chemical bond between the fiber and the matrix, the mechanical properties including bond strength may be lowered. This study focused on the effects of NaCl concentration (0.01 - 1% NaCl) and solution temperature ($30-75^{\circ}C$) on the galvanic corrosion between CFRP and A516Gr.55 carbon steel. When NaCl concentration increases 10 times, corrosion rate of a specimen was not affected, but that of galvanic coupled carbon steel increased by 46.9% average. However, when solution temperature increases $10^{\circ}C$, average corrosion rate increased approximately 22%, regardless of single or galvanic coupled specimen.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2000

The atmospheric humidity is varied between 30% and 90% with season in Korea. Thus the influence of humidity on the behavior of wear for tools and dies. This paper presents the influence of atmospheric humidity on the wear of carbon the un-lubricated pin-on-disk sliding contact. it was found that the severe wear is dominant at a low humidity and the mild wear is strongly related with the carbon concentration of the steel at a high humidity in this study. The experiments were carried out in a chamber where the humidity was accurately maintained by humidifier. To investigate the relationship three different carbon steels such as 1020, 1041, and 1034 steels were used.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

The electrolytic boronizing on carbon steels in the mixture of $Na_2B_4O_7$ and NaCl was conducted at 750~$950^{\circ}C$ for 1~6 hours under 0.5A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ current density. The micorostructrure and microheredness of boronized layer was also studien. The effect of the additive such as $CaCl_2$ or NaOH on the formation of boronized layer was also investigated. The boronized layer were composed of two sublayers, i.e., FeB and $Fe_2B$ , which have tooth structure. the average layer thinknesses of the low carbon steel and SM45C boronized at $900^{\circ}C$ for 4hours were 153 and 138 $\mu\textrm{m}$, respectively. The thickness of the twosublayers was significantly increased with increasing boronizing temperature. To obtain a single $Fe_2B$ layer without FeB sublayer, the boronized materials ware homegenized at $950^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. It was fount that the single layer with a microhardness Hv$\thickapprox$ 1120 -1250 was formed. The calculated activation energies for formation of boronized layer on the low carbon steel and SM45C were 18.7 and 12.6 Kcal/mol, respectively.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2012

A sample of ultra low carbon IF steel was processed by six-layer stack accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) and annealed. The ARB was conducted at ambient temperature after deforming the as-received material to a thickness of 0.5 mm by 50% cold rolling. The ARB was performed for a six-layer stacked, i.e. a 3 mm thick sheet, up to 3 cycles (an equivalent strain of ~7.0). In each ARB cycle, the stacked sheets were, first, deformed to 1.5 mm thickness by 50% rolling and then reduced to 0.5 mm thickness, as the starting thickness, by multi-pass rolling without lubrication. The specimen after 3 cycles was then annealed for 0.5 h at various temperatures ranging from 673 to 973 K. The microstructural evolution with the annealing temperature for the 3-cycle ARB processed IF steel was investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy observation. The ARB processed IF steel exhibited mainly a dislocation cell lamella structure with relatively high dislocation density in which the subgrains were partially observed. The selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns suggested that the misorientation between neighboring cells or subgrains was very small. The thickness of the grains increased in a gradual way up to 873 K, but above 898 K it increased drastically. As a result, the grains came to have an equiaxed morphology at 898 K, in which the width and the thickness of the grains were almost identical. The grain growth occurred actively at temperatures above 923 K.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2019

This study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 600 MPa-grade seismic reinforced steel bars fabricated by a pilot plant. The steel bar specimens are composed of a fully ferrite-pearlite structure because they were air-cooled after hot-rolling. The volume fraction and interlamellar spacing of the pearlite and the ferrite grain size decrease from the center region to the surface region because the surface region is more rapidly cooled than the center region. The A steel bar specimenwith a relatively high carbon content generally has a higher pearlite volume fraction and interlamellar spacing of pearlite and a finer ferrite grain size because increasing the carbon content promotes the formation of pearlite. As a result, the A steel bar specimen has a higher hardness than the B steel bar in all the regions. The hardness shows a tendency to decrease from the center region to the surface region due to the decreased pearlite volume fraction. On the other hand, the tensile-to-yield strength ratio and the tensile strength of the A steel bar specimen are higher than those of the B steel bar with a relatively low carbon content because a higher pearlite volume fraction enhances work hardening. In addition, the B steel bar specimen has higher uniform and total elongations because a lower pearlite volume fraction facilitates plastic deformation caused by dislocation slip.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 1999년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.134-138
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• 1999

For the stable operation of high speed aerostatic spindle, the low rotational inertia and high damping ratio of spindle shafts as well as high fundamental natural frequency are indispensable. Conventional steel spindles are not appropriate for very high speed operation because of their high rotational inertia and low damping ratio. In this study, the composite spindles with aerostatic bearing were designed and manufactured with carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The fundamental natural frequency of the composite spindle was evaluated through the modal testing.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2011

A low temperature plasma carburizing process was performed on AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel to achieve an enhancement of the surface hardness without degradation of its corrosion resistance. Attempts were made to investigate the influence of the processing temperatures on the surface hardened layer during low temperature plasma carburizing in order to obtain the optimum processing conditions. The expanded austenite (${\gamma}_c$) phase, which contains a high saturation of carbon (S phase), was formed on all of the treated surfaces. Precipitates of chromium carbides were detected in the hardened layer (C-enriched layer) only for the specimen treated at $550^{\circ}C$. The hardened layer thickness of ${\gamma}_c$ increased up to about $65{\mu}m$ with increasing treatment temperature. The surface hardness reached about 900 $HK_{0.05}$, which is about 4 times higher than that of the untreated sample (250 $HK_{0.05}$). A minor loss in corrosion resistance was observed for the specimens treated at temperatures of $300^{\circ}C{\sim}450^{\circ}C$ compared with untreated austenitic stainless steel. In particular, the precipitation of chromium carbides at $550^{\circ}C$ led to a significant decrease in the corrosion resistance. A diamond-like carbon (DLC) film coating was applied to improve the wear and friction properties of the S phase layer. The DLC film showed a low and stable friction coefficient value of about 0.1 compared with that of the carburized surface (about 0.45). The hardness and corrosion resistance of the S phase layer were further improved by the application of such a DLC film.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 1993

극저탄소 알루미늄 킬드강내에 합금원소로 첨가된 Al, Ti, Nb, B등은 열처리 공정중 질화물이나 탄화물로 석출되어 강의 재결정집합조직을 변화시킴으로써 강판재의 디입드로잉 특성에 결정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 Ti및 Nb를 단독으로 또는 동시에 첨가한 데 이어, B, P, Si 및 Mn등을 추가로 첨가한 극저탄소 고강도 강판의 집삽조직에 미치는 질화물, 탄화물과 같은 미세 석출물의 영향을 TEM, SEM, 광학현미경분석에 의하여 조사하였다. Nb 및 Ti를 동시에 첨가한 강에서는 미세한 N$b_2$C 및 T$i_2$AIN가 주로 석출되는 반면, Nb를 단독으로 첨가한 강에서는 미세한 AIN 및 조대한 BN이 석출되고,Ti를 단독으로 첨가한 강에서는 비교적 조대한 T${i_4}{N_3}$및 조대한 ${N_10}{N_22}$/T$i_68$이 석출되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 이러한 탄질화물들의 석출에 의하여 세 강이 서로 다른 결정입도를 나타내는데, 결정입도는 Nb 및 Ti동시첨가강과 Nb단독첨가강이 서로 비슷하고, Ti단독첨가강이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

In the past, Korea was classified as a region not affected by earthquakes. However, recent increase of earthquakes has forced to strengthen standards of earthquake resistant designs of structures to minimize seismic damage. In addition, it was thought that masonry infill walls in buildings are only acting as partitions, so these walls are not considered in analyzing building structures. But it was found that when seismic loads are applied to a structure with masonry infill walls, the walls affect the structure. Accordingly, this study conducted nonlinear static analyses for a structure constructed before applying earthquake resistant designs in two cases: when considering masonry walls and when not. The result showed that the seismic performance of the structure is insufficient. Thus, the structural resistance of the structure was also studied in two cases: when reinforcing with steel plate braces and when using carbon fiber braces. In the two cases reinforcing two different stiffeners, it was appeared that the behaviors of the structure were similar, though the cross-section area of a carbon fiber brace used to reinforcing the structure is only 12.6% of a steel plate brace, and its weight is only 2.8%. Thus, the reinforcing effect of the thin, light-weighted carbon fiber brace is much larger than that of the steel plate brace, when considering usability and constructability of both materials.