• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.80-95
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of low birth-weight infants and their's mothers, and to identify the factors which influenced to delivery of L.B.W infants. The data derived from K. General Hospital and J. obs & gyn clinic in pusan from January, 1998 to August, 1998, which were from mothers of having B. W infants. The factors used for this study were characteristics of general, obstetrical, environmental aspects and physical and psychological life experiences during pregnancy. Analysis of data obtained were computerized statistically by using SPSS 7.5 WIN program. the data were analysed as number, frequency, percentage, t-test and ANOVA. The major results obtained of this study were as follows : 1) Gender that L.B.W infants were male in 47.2% and female in 52.8%, body weight of 2001~2500gm was above 8 in 68.5%, and below 5 in 1.8%. The L.B.W infants with complications were 7, which were 6.5%. The kinds of malformations were the Cleft palate & lip, Hyper-kalemia, Hypoglycemia, Meningocele, CHD, Down syndrome and each of them marked 0.9%. 2) In the general characteristics of pregnant women, the age group of 25~29 years was the most common as 46.3%. Over 35 years of age, elderly gravidas were in 7.5%. the height of 156~160cm was the most common as 52.8%. pregnant women of below 150cm height was in 3.7%. body weight of 51~55kg was the most common as 38%. pregnant women of below 45kg were in 19.4%. The women with smoking and drinking episodes during pregnancy were 1.9% and 25%. In the status of marriage, married women were in 95.4%, unmarried ones were in 1.9%, and unmarried couples were in 2.8%. Iin he obstetrical characteristics of pregnant women, pregnant women with gestational age under 37wks were in 45.4%, and the ones over 38wks were 54.6%. At the methods of delivery, normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries were in 51.9%, which were the most common, cesarian section deliveries were in 47.2%, and breech deliveries were in 0.9%. In the environmental characteristics of pregnant women, 40.8% of pregnant women lived in house or apartments with stairs, 23.1% of them lived in the high altitude. the pregnant women who ran a household without a helper were in 65.7%. In the pregnant women who had underwent life experiences of physical and psychological stress during pregnancy. life experiences of physical stresses were described as persistent fatigue due to lifestyle, traumatic experience, illness, move away with an effort, physical impact caused by discord. life experiments of psychological stresses were describeded as trouble with their husbands, discord with one's husband family, family problems, and conflicts due to environmental factors, etc. The number of the pregnant women who had complications during pregnancy was 32, which was 29.6% totally. Among them, pre-eclampsia was in 12.1% and the premature rupture of membrane in 7.4%. 3) In the analysis of the general, obstetrical, and circumstantial characteristics and L.B.W infants. There were statistical difference significantly between the gestational age of pregnant women(F=12.035, P=.000), and the status of marriage(F=3.207, P=.044), and maternal complication(t=2.344, P=.021) etc.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2014

목적 본 연구는 신생아중환자실에 입원해 있는 극소저체중출생아를 대상으로 녹음된 엄마목소리 들려주기 중재의 효과를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법 부산시내에 소재하는 D대학교의료원의 신생아중환자실에 입원한 대상자를 임의표출하여 비동등성 대조군 전후설계로 총 22명의 영아중 실험군 11명, 대조군 11명을 대상으로 하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. 결과 녹음된 엄마 목소리 들려주기를 제공받은 극소저체중출생아의 생리적 반응인 심박동수, 호흡수와 산소포화도에서 실험군과 대조군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 수면행동상태는 실험군이 대조군보다 안정된 상태를 보였다. 또한 일일체중증가의 변화량이 실험군에서 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 하지만 두 군 간에 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론 본 연구를 통해 극소저체중출생아 자기 엄마의 녹음된 엄마목소리 들려주기는 극소저체중출생아의 초기 양육환경 조성에 매우 긍정적인 프로그램임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 입원기간 동안 영아와 부모 사이의 상호작용 증진의 기회를 제공하여 극소저체중출생아 돌봄에 엄마의 적극적인 참여를 유도할 수 있다는 점에서 아동간호 실무 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current humidification state of incubator, the factors disturbing high humidification and to establish the evidence-based nursing protocol to maintain it. Methods: The subjects were 15 infants who were born with extremely low birth weight (ELBW) from May to October, 2007, and data were collected during the first 3 days and analyzed with SPSS WIN program. Results: The goal of humidity level in incubator was 95%, but mean humidity levels were 89.7%(1st day), 91.9%(2nd day), and 91.8%(3rd day)(p<0.001). The disturbing factors were opening frequency and duration of incubator door and window by caregivers. The handling of infants by nurses and doctors happened more frequently during the first day. Especially, nurses handled them more often than others, but the duration of opening during the invasive procedures by doctors was longer than others. The opening frequency had negative correlation with duration(r=-.779, p<.01). Conclusion: So the evidence-based protocol for maintaining high humidity in incubator for ELBW infants during the first 3 days and next 2 days was made. Furthermore we need to educate NICU nurses and doctors about minimal handling.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.297-307
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• 2021

Purpose: This descriptive study compared the perceived parental stress levels between parents with very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) and nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: In total, 83 parents of VLBWIs and 78 NICU nurses were enrolled. Data were collected with the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and analyzed using the t-test and analysis of variance in SAS version 9.4. Results: The average PSS score was 3.31 among parents and 3.45 among nurses. The stress score was significantly higher among nurses with children (t=2.46, p=.016) and senior nurses (t=2.12, p=.037). There was a significant difference in the stress score according to parents' education (t=3.29, p=.002) and occupation (F=3.14, p=.049) in the sights and sounds subscale. Mothers had significantly higher stress scores than fathers in the parental role alterations subscale (t=2.32, p=.023). Parental stress scores were higher than those perceived by nurses in the infant's appearance and behaviors subscale for breathing patterns (t=2.95, p=.004), followed by jerky/ restless behavior (t=2.70, p=.008). Conclusion: Nurses should provide explanations to parents of VLBWIs in order to reduce parental stress about the appearances and behavior of VLBWIs. This is more important than aspect of the NICU environment and education about parental roles.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2014

The measurement of $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone ($17{\alpha}$-OHP) in a dried blood spot on filter paper is an important for screening of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Since high levels of $17{\alpha}$-OHP are frequently observed in premature infants without congenital adrenal hyperplasia, we evaluated cuts-off based on birth weight and performed validation. Birth weight and $17{\alpha}$-OHP concentration data of 292,204 newborn screening subjects in Greencross labopratories were analyzed. The cut-off values based on birth weight were newly evaluated and validated with the original data. The mean $17{\alpha}$-OHP concentration were 7.25 ng/mL in very low birth weight (VLBW) group, 4.02 ng/mL in low birth weight (LBW) group, 2.53 g/mL in normal birth weight (NBW) group, and 2.24 ng/mL in heavy birth weight (HBW) group. The cut-offs for CAH were decided as follows: 21.12 ng/mL for VLBW and LBW groups and 11.14 ng/mL for NBW and HBW groups. When applied new cut-offs for original data, positive rates in VLBW and LBW groups were decreased and positive rates in NBW and HBW groups were increased. The cut-offs based on birth weight should be used in the screening for CAH. We believe that our new cut-off reduce the false positive rate and false negative rate and our experience for cut-off set up and validation will be helpful for other laboratories doing newborn screening test.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.467-475
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• 2006

The necessity of adequate pregnancy weight gain for optimal pregnancy outcome has been recognized. However, the specific components of pregnancy weight gain that might be critical for fetal growth and development have not been elucidated clearly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of pregnancy weight gain and birth weight with serum leptin levels in women delivered newborns. The subjects were recruited from K university hospital. The subject's characteristic data (age $32.1\;{\pm}\;4.3\;y$, gestational age $39.5\;{\pm}\;1.1wk$, pre-pregnancy weight $58.0\;{\pm}\;8.6\;kg$, pregnancy weight gain $12.7\;{\pm}\;5.5\;kg$, newborn's birth weight $3.5\;{\pm}\;0.5\;kg$) were gathered. Maternal dietary assessment was carried out at the end of pregnancy. After delivery, blood samples were collected from 20 mother-newborn pairs. Serum levels of various lipids and leptin were analyzed. Maternal daily consumption of iron, zinc, folate were lower than the RDA of each nutrient and index of nutritional quality was less than 1 showing that the quality of maternal diet was low. The levels of serum leptin of mothers and infants were $10.2\;{\pm}\;6.7\;ng/ml$ and $1.7\;{\pm}\;0.6\;ng/ml$, respectively. The serum leptin concentrations of male infants $(1.9\;{\pm}\;0.7\;ng\;ml)$ were not different from that of females $(1.7{\pm}0.5\;ng/ml)$. A negative correlation was found between the maternal pre-pregnant BMI and weight gain during pregnancy (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the pregnancy weight gain and the newborn's birth weight (r=0.59, p < 0.01 There were also positive correlation between newborn's birth weight and newborn's serum leptin levels (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). No correlations were found between maternal serum leptin levels and that of newborn's. Efforts should be made to attain adequate diet and weight gain during the pregnancy to reduce the likelihood of low or over birth weight of newborns.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2021

Purpose: This study compared maternal age at childbirth, the number of live births, and the weight of live births between Korean women and immigrant women using statistical data from the Republic of Korea for the period of 2008-2018. Methods: The analysis was conducted using data from the Microdata Integrated Service of Statistics Korea (https://mdis.kostat.go.kr/index.do). Results: Korean women and immigrant women showed a higher age at childbirth in 2018 than in 2008. The percentage of newborns of Korean women with a birth weight of less than 2.5 kg increased slightly for 3 consecutive years from 2016 to 2018, whereas for immigrant women, this percentage increased in 2017 compared to 2016 and then decreased again in 2018. Very low birth weight (less than 1.5 kg) became more common among immigrant women from 2016 to 2018. Birth at a gestational age of fewer than 37 weeks increased both among Korean and immigrant women from 2016 to 2018. In both groups, the percentage of women who had their first child within their first 2 years of marriage decreased from 2008 to 2018. Conclusion: Immigrant women had higher birth rates than Korean women, while both groups showed an increasing trend in preterm birth. Greater attention should be paid to the pregnancy and birth needs of immigrant women, and steps are needed to ensure health equity and access in order to prevent preterm births. It is also necessary to identify factors that affect preterm birth and birth of very low birth weight infants among immigrant women in the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.952-958
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• 2006

목 적 : 최근 들어 출생체중 1,000 g 미만으로 태어난 ELBWI의 생존율은 주산의학 및 신생아학의 발달로 인해 증가하고 있다. 저자들은 최근 6년간 서울대학교병원에서 태어난 ELBWI의 생존율 변화를 분석하여 신생아 집중 치료술의 향상여부를 알고자 하였다. 방 법 : 본 연구에 포함된 99명의 ELBWI은 출생 년도에 따라 세 시기(I기 : 2000-2001년, II기 : 2002-2003년, III기 : 2004-2005년)로 나누어졌다. 세 시기의 임상적 중증도를 보정하기 위해 CRIB II 점수 체계를 이용하여 ELBWI의 생존율을 비교하였다. 결 과 : ELBWI의 전체 생존율은 74.7%였고, 세 시기에 걸쳐 생존율은 지속적으로 향상되었다(I기 : 60.7%, II기 : 73.3%, III기 : 85.3%). 최소한 50% 이상이 생존하는 것으로 정의된 생존한계는 출생체중 600 g대, 재태기간 25주였다. 출생체중 750 g 미만인 경우에는 세 시기에 걸쳐 생존율이 전체 생존율에 비해서 매우 두드러지게 증가하였다(I기 : 10%, II기 : 46.2%, III기 : 70.6%). ELBWI의 세 시기에 걸친 지속적인 생존율 향상은 CRIB II 점수로 보정한 후에는 더 뚜렷해졌다. 결 론 : 본 기관에서 최근 6년간에 걸친 ELBWI의 생존율은 지속적으로 향상되는 경향을 보였고, 이러한 경향은 특히 출생체중 750 g 이하에서 두드러졌다. 이러한 생존율 향상은 ELBWI의 임상적 중증도 개선과는 상관없이 이루어졌다.

• 대한간호
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.49-65
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• 1991

This study was carried out to assess the problems with the pregnant women, and check out the risk-factors in the high-risk pregnancies, using a simplified antepartum risk-scoring system, which was revised from Edwards' scoring system to be suitable for Korean situaition. This instrument was included 4 categories, demographic, obstetric, medical and miscellaneous factors. This survey was based on the 1300 pregnant women who were admitted, $x^2$-test, F-test, Pearsons correation, using statistical package SAS in NAS computer system, KIST. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 1313 infants were deliveried of these 560 infants(42.7%) were born to mothers with risk-scores > 7, and 753 infants(57.3%) were born to mothers risk-scores <7. 2. Maternal age" parity, education level, of the demographic factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk pregnancies($X^2$=20.88, 42.87, 15.60 P < 0.01). 3. C-section, post term, incompetent cervix, uterine anomaly, polyhydramnios, congenital anomaly, sensitized RH negative, abortion, preeclampsia, excessive size infant, premature, low birth weight infanl, abnormal presentation, perinatal loss, multiple pregnancy, of the obstetric factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. ($X^2$ = 175.96, 87.5, 16.28, 21.78, 9.46, 8. 10, 6.75, 22.9, 64.84, 6.93, 361.43, 185.55, 78.65, 45.52, P < 0.01). 4. Abnormal nutrition, anemia, UTI, other medicalcondition(pulmonary disease, severe influenza), heart disease, V.D., of the miscellaneous and medical factors, were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. 5. Premature, low birth weight infant, contracted pelvis, abnormal presentation, of the risk factors were significantly related with Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth and neonatal body weight. 6. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after, birth and neonatal body weight were significantly negative correlated with risk-score. 7. There were statistically significant difference between risk-score and Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth, 3 group(0-3, 4-6, above 7), and neonatal body weight, 2 group(below 2.5kg, the other group) (F=104.65, 96.61, 284.92, P<0.01). 8. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth(below 7), and neonatal body weight(below 2.5kg), were significant relation statistically with risk score.($x^2$=65.99, 60.88, 177.07, P<0.01) were 60.8 %, 60% . 9. Correct classifications of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) were 77.8%, 83.8% and that of nonmorbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score > 7) were 60.8%, 60%. 10. There were statistically significant difference between dislribution of maternal risk-score among the morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and non morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score> 7) ($x^2$=64.8, 58.8, P < 0.001). 11. There were statistically significant difference between distribution of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and fetal death. 12. The predictivity for classifying high.risk cases was 12 % and for classifying low-risk cases was 98.3 % in 5 minute Apgar score. Suggestions for further studies are as follows; 1. Contineous prospective studies, using this newly revised scoring system are strongly recommended in the stetric service. 2. Besides risk facto~s used in this study, assessmenl of risks by factors in another scoring system and paralled studies related to perinatal outcome are strongly recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2018

Purpose: Small for gestational age (SGA) is confusingly defined as birth weight (BW) either below 3rd percentile or 10th percentile for infants. This study aimed to compare postnatal catch-up growth between SGA groups according to different definitions. Methods: Data of 129 infants born with BW below the 10th percentile and admitted to Korea University Anam Hospital and Ansan Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Height and weight were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results were compared between group A (BW: <3rd percentile) and group B (BW: 3rd-10th percentile). Results: Group A included 66 infants and group B included 63. At age 6 months (n=122), 62.9% of group A and 71.7% (P=0.303) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 6 months (n=69), 55.9% of group A and 80.0% of group B (P<0.05) showed catch-up growth in height. At 12 months (n=106), 58.5% of group A, and 75.5% (P=0.062) of group B showed catch-up growth in weight. At 12 months (n=75), 52.8% of group A and 64.1% of group B (P=0.320) showed catch-up growth in height. Up to age 24 months, 66.7%/80.0% in group A and 63.6%/80.0% in group B showed catch-up growth in weight/height. Conclusion: Despite different definitions, there were no significant differences between the two SGA groups in postnatal catch-up growth up to age 24 months, except for height at 6 months. Compared to infants with appropriate catch-up growth, low gestational age and BW were risk factors for failed catch-up growth at 6 months.