• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

This study investigated the influences of probabilistic accessibility of the word being produced - as determined by its usage frequency and neighborhood density - on native and high-proficiency L2 speakers' realization of six English monophthong vowels. The native group hyperarticulated the vowels over an expanded acoustic space when the vowel occurred in words with low frequency and high density, supporting the claim that vowel forms are modified in accordance with the probabilistic accessibility of words. However, temporal expansion occurred in words with greater accessibility (i.e., with high frequency and low density) as an effect of low phonotactic probability in low-density words, particularly in attended speech. This suggests that temporal modification in the opposite direction may be part of the phonetic characteristics that are enhanced in communicatively driven focus realization. Conversely, none of these spectral and temporal patterns were found in the L2 group, thereby indicating that even the high-proficiency L2 speakers may not have developed experience-based sensitivity to the modulation of sub-categorical phonetic details indexed with word-level probabilistic information. The results are discussed with respect to how phonological representations are shaped in a word-specific manner for the sake of communicatively driven lexical intelligibility, and what factors may contribute to the lack of native-like sensitivity in L2 speech.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2019

이 연구는 한국어 자음과 모음 대해 단기간의 지각 훈련을 받은 이집트인 학습자들이 학습 수준별로 어떠한 지각 개선 양상을 보이는지 조사하고, 각 음소 쌍의 학습용이성 정도를 파악해 이집트인 학습자들을 대상으로 하는 한국어 발음교육에 실질적인 기여를 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 50명의 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 이집트 현지에서 고변이 음성 훈련을 실시하였다. 한국어 수준에 따라 학습자를 초급 집단과 중고급 집단으로 나누었고, 2주간에 걸쳐 각 집단에 대해 30~40분의 지각 훈련을 10회 진행하였다. 고변이 음성 훈련용 자료는 다수의 한국어 원어민 화자가 발화한 자연음이었으며, 최소대립 쌍을 이루는 단어와 문장으로 최대한 다양하게 구성하였다. 사전과 사후 테스트 비교 결과, 이집트인 초급과 중고급 집단의 한국어 모음과 초성에 대한 지각 능력이 뚜렷하게 향상된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 종성에 대한 지각 능력 역시 향상되었지만 훈련 전부터 정확도가 높아 향상폭은 다소 낮게 나타났다. 각 음소에 대한 지각 정확도와 향상도를 바탕으로 음소 쌍별 학습용이성을 측정하고, 이집트인 학습자를 위한 학습용이성 위계를 학습 단계별로 설정하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2010

This study provides a description of the glottal characteristics of the word-initial low vowels /a, $\ae$/ in terms of a set of acoustic parameters and discusses glottal configuration as their acoustic correlates. Furthermore, it examines the effect of prosodic boundary on the glottal properties of the vowels, seeking an account of the possible role of prosodic structure based on prosodic theory. Acoustic parameters reported to indicate glottal characteristics were obtained from the measurements made directly from the speech spectrum on recordings of Korean and English collected from 45 speakers. They consist of two separate groups of native Korean and native English speakers, each including both male and female speakers. Based on the three acoustic parameters of open quotient (OQ), first-formant bandwidth (B1), and spectral tilt (ST), comparisons were made between the speech of males and females, between the speech of native Korean and native English speakers, and between Korean and English produced by native Korean speakers. Acoustic analysis of the experimental data indicates that some or all glottal parameters play a crucial role in differentiating the speech groups, despite substantial interspeaker variations. Statistical analysis of the Korean data indicates prosodic strengthening with respect to the acoustic parameters B1 and OQ, suggesting acoustic enhancement in terms of the degree of glottal abduction and the glottal closure during a vibratory cycle.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

This study aimed to establish characteristics related to voice and speech through the natural base frequency analysis of esophagus vocalization. In the study, 8 subjects were selected for esophagus vocals, and 10 other subjects were selected for a control group. MDVP(Multi-dimensional Voice Program, Model 4800, USA, 2001), Multi Speech(Model 3700, Kaypantax, USA, 2008) were used as experiment equipment. The speech samples selected for evaluation were vowels and sentences (both declarative and interrogative). For acoustic analysis, the intonation form of fo, jitter, energy, shimmer, HNR, and intonation patterns of the speech sample were measured. The results were as follows: First, the natural intrinsic frequency of extended vowels in the esophagus vocal group was lower than the frequency in the normal vocal group. In particular, the intrinsic frequency difference for high vowel /i/ was much greater than the frequency difference for low vowel /a/. Second, the jitter values of the esophagus vocal group were higher than the control group. In particular, there was a large difference between the jitter values for /a/ and /i/, with the jitter values being highest for /i/. Third, there was no significant difference in vocal strength between the esophagus vocal patient group and the control group. Fourth, the shimmer values of the voices in the esophagus vocal group were higher than shimmer values in the control group. In particular, there was a large difference in shimmer values for low vowel /a/. Fifth, the HNR values of the esophagus vocal group were showed significantly lower than the control group. In particular, the largest difference in HNR values between the two groups was for high vowel /i/. Sixth, the pitch contours of interrogative and declarative sentences of the esophagus vocal patient group showed a different form or only had with small differences compared to the pitch contours of the normal vocal group, thus presenting an inconsistent pattern.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

The intervocalic Korean liquid sound has been recognized as a flap in the studies of the Korean language. But there has been very little experimental data corroborating it. The electropalatographic (EPG) experiment was conducted to test this. The subjects were one Korean speaker and one native English speaker who had a pseudopalate and did the EPG experiment at the UCLA phonetics laboratory. The spectrographic evidence of the flaps in both the English t-flap and the Korean liquid flap was also sought. The English and Korean flaps were between mid/low back vowels so that the vowels themselves would not affect palatal contacts of the tongue. The results confirmed that the Korean liquid is realized as a flap in intervocallical position with many similar properties to English flap in both EPG and spectrographic data. The Korean initial liquid sound in borrowed words such as 'rotary' and 'radio' was also a flap. But the Korean liquid in the word-final and geminate positions was a lateral as in words 'dol ' (stone), 'dollo' (with stone), 'nal' (day) and 'nallara' (carry). The intuitive theory of the Korean liquid flap was proved by the EPG and spectrographic data.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

This paper deals with voice similarities between sisters who are supposed to have common physiological characteristics from a single biological mother. Nine pairs of sisters who are believed to have similar voices participated in this experiment. The speech samples obtained from one pair of sisters were eliminated in the analysis because their perceptual score was relatively low. The words were measured in both isolation and context, and the subjects were asked to read the text five times with about three seconds of interval between readings. Recordings were made at natural speed in a quiet room. The data were analyzed in pitch and formant frequencies using CSL (Computerized Speech Lab) and PCQuirer. It was found that data of the initial vowels are much more similar and homogeneous than those of vowels in other positions. The acoustic data showed that voice similarities are strikingly high in both pitch and formant frequencies. It is assumed that statistical data obtained from this experiment can be used as a guideline for modelling speaker identification and speaker verification.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2016

Twenty five English native speakers with two different L2 experienced groups and nineteen native Koreans heard both Korean word-initial nasals (/m/ and /n/) in three vowel contexts (low, mid, and high) produced by a native Korean speaker. The experiment examined the hypothesis that Korean nasals are more likely to be judged or perceived correctly by the L2-experienced English learners of Korean than the unexperienced counterparts. The result showed that L2 experienced group was more sensitive to effects of vowel height in judging the Korean nasals in which the perception of nasals before the high vowels was more subject to it. In addition, place of nasal articulation causes asymmetry relations - bilabial nasal /m/ is more likely to be perceived as plosives rather than alveolar nasal /n/. The study found that the L2 experience has a somewhat limited role in perceiving the nasals correctly in the word-initial position, especially before the high vowels, in that even the L2 experienced English subjects have difficulty in identifying the Korean nasals correctly in this environment. Nevertheless, low L2 proficiency might be accounted for the difficulty in the bilabial nasal identification observed by the L2 experienced group.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.95-111
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• 1997

The human speech organ consists of respiration system (lung, larynx), phonation system (vocal cord), articulation system (esophagus, pharynx, uvula, teeth, gingiva, palate, tongue, lip) and resonating system(oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus). Because teeth are components of the articulation system, it has been reported that the persons with abnormally positioned teeth generally have abnormal occlusion and pronunciation. In this study, using /ㅅ(s)/, the most commonly mispronunced consonant in children with malocclusion, and the seven single vowels, /사(sa), 서($s\delta$), 소(so), 수(su), 스($s\omega$), 시(si), 세(se)/ and / ㅏ(a), ㅓ($\delta$), ㅗ(o), ㅜ(u), ㅡ($\omega$), 1(i), ㅔ(e)/ were recorded and analyzed using speech analysis program on computer by measuring formants and compared them for investigating the differences in pronunciation in children with Angle's class I occlusions and those with Angle's class II div.1 malocclusion. The result were as follows: 1. In the Angle's Class II div.1 group, there were no significant differences in F1 of all recorded sounds as compared with Angle's Class I group(p>0.05). 2. In the consonants, there were significant differences in F2 of /스($s\omega$)/ and F2/F1 ratio of /사(sa), 서($s\delta$), 시(si)/ between the two group(p<0.05). 3. In the vowels, there were significant differences F2/F1 ratio of /ㅓ($\delta$)/(p<0.05) and no significant differences in F2/F1 ratio between two group(p>0.05). 4. In the consonants, there were significant differences in F2 and F2/F1 ratio when succeeding vowels were high or low, and F2/F1 ratio when front in accordance with tongue position (p<0.05). 5. In the vowels, there were no significant differences in formant in accordance with tongue position(p>0.05)

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2015년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.47-50
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• 2015

음성 신호는 자음 신호과 모음 신호의 결합으로 이루어져 있지만 그 특성상 자음보다는 모음 신호의 지속시간이 길다. 따라서 전체적으로 음성 신호 블록들 사이의 상관관계가 상당히 크다고 간주할 수 있다. 음성신호를 128개의 데이터를 갖는 블록들로 나눈 후 각 블록의 FFT를 구한다. 이 중에서 모음의 에너지가 집중되어 있는 저주파수 부분만 취하여 이웃 블록들과의 공분산 행렬을 구하고 이 행렬로부터 고유값을 계산해 낸다. 이 중 첫 번 째 고유값은 주성분과 관련이 있다. 다양한 음성파일들을 이용하여 비교적 값이 큰 첫 번째, 두 번째, 세 번째 고유값과 이들을 합한 고유값이 각 음성 파일에서 어떻게 나타나는지 그 분포를 알아보고 이것들이 음성신호가 아닌 자동차 소음 신호와 같은 잡음 신호의 고유값 분포와 어떻게 다른지 분석한다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2000

비인강폐쇄는 연구개, 인두측벽 그리고 인두후벽간의 움직임이 서로 조화되어 구강과 비강을 나누어주는 괄약근 기전으로서 연하, 호흡 및 발음 등의 생리적 기능에 중요한 역할을 한다. 이 기능에 문제가 생긴 경우를 비인강폐쇄부전이라하며 그 원인으로는 (1) 연구개의 길이 및 움직임이상, (2) 비인두강의 해부학적 공간문제, (3) 인두후벽과 측벽의 기능이상 등이 있다. 본 연구는 구개열 환자의 측면두부방사선 사진을 통해 비인두강을 해부학적으로 분석하고 동시에 산출된 각 모음의 과비음 정도를 평가하여 비인강폐쇄부전과의 연관성을 비교해 본 것이며, 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 연구개 길이는 정상인에 비해 현저히 짧았다. 2. adequate ratio는 정상인에 비해 작게 나타났다. 3. adequate ratio가 감소함에 따라 모음 조음시 anatomic mVPI가 점차 증가하였다. 4. 각 모음 조음시 anatomic VPI는 과비음정도와 비례관계를 보였다. 5. 고모음(/u/, /i/)의 과비음정도가 저모음(/a/)에 비하여 크게 나타났다. 결론적으로, 구개열환자에서 측면두부방사선 사진은 비인강폐쇄부전의 진단 및 평가에 유용하게 사용될 수 있으며, 비인두강의 해부학적 구조는 산출되는 과비음정도와 밀접한 연관성이 있었다.