• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2000

Compared to other waste, waste tire has much discharge quantity and calorie. When we use waste heat from waste tire, it can be definitely better substitute energy than coal and anthracite in high oil price age. To use as a basic data for providing low cost and highly effective heating system, following conclusion was founded. Annual waste tire production was 19,596 million in 1999, Recycling ratio was almost 55% and more than 8.78 million was stored. Waste tire has lower than 1.5% sulfur contain ratio which is resource of an pollution, So it is a waste fuel which can be combustion based on current exhaust standard value without any extra SOx exclusion materials. Waste tire has 9,256Kcal/kg calorific value and it is higher than waste rubber, waste rubber, waste energy as same as B-C oil. When primary and second air quantity was 1.6, 8.0 Nm$^3$/min, dry gas production time was 270min and total combustion time was 360 min. In the SOx, NOx, HC of air pollution material density were lower than exhaust standard value at the back of cyclone and dusty than exhaust standard value without dust collector.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2015

일반적으로 선박용 디젤엔진의 아산화질소($N_2O$)배출률은 이산화황($SO_2$)배출률과 밀접한 상관성을 갖고 있고, 선박에서 사용되는 연료의 다양성은 $N_2O$배출특성에 영향을 미친다고 받아들여져 왔다. 최근의 연구보고에 의하면 연료 연소에서 발생한 충분한 일산화질소(NO)가 존재할 경우, 배기의 $SO_2$배출률이 $N_2O$생성에 미치는 영향은 NO의 영향보다 막대하게 크다. 그러므로 $SO_2$성분으로부터 기인하는 $N_2O$생성은 NOx저감을 위한 배기가스 재순환(EGR) 시스템에서 중요한 인자로 작용한다. 본 실험적인 연구의 목적은 $SO_2$유량 증가를 갖는 디젤엔진의 흡기가 배기의 $N_2O$배출률에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하는 것이다. 실험에 사용된 테스트 엔진은 2600rpm에서 12kW의 출력을 갖는 4행정 직접분사식 디젤엔진이고, 운전조건은 75% 부하에서 실시되었다. 0.499%($m^3/m^3$)의 $SO_2$표준가스는 흡기의 $SO_2$농도를 변화시키기 위해 사용되었다. 결과적으로 황 성분을 포함하지 않는 연료는 $SO_2$를 배출시키지 않았고, 흡기 중에 $SO_2$표준가스의 증가에 따른 배기의 $SO_2$배출률은 $SO_2$흡입률과 비교하여 거의 같은 비율이었다. 또한, 흡기의 $SO_2$유량 상승은 $N_2O$배출률을 상승시켜 배기 중의 $N_2O$는 흡기의 $SO_2$혼합기에 의해 생성되었다. 결국 황 성분을 함유한 연료는 연소 중에 $SO_2$를 형성하고 배기 중의 $N_2O$는 연소실에 존재하는 NO와 $SO_2$의 반응에 의해 발생된다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.17-33
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• 1987

As a result of technical advances and industrialization, the characteristics of domestic and industrial wastes are becoming more complex. Accordingly, improved treatment and disposal systems are being continuously sought to take account of complex characteristics and to comply with economic restrictions. In this study, an application of pyrolysis to the treatment of industrial wastes, including waste scrap rubber, waste raw material used in making the slipper bottom and waste PVC pipe, and the effectiveness of pyrolysis in resource recovery from these wastes were investigated. Batches of wastes were pyrolysed by external heating to a temperature of 400-800$\circ$C in a 32 mm diameter x 0.9 m long silica tube to produce combustible gases, oils and chars. Before the start of pyrolysis runs, the entire system was purged with nitrogen gas to exclude the air. The temperature inside the retort was controlled by the thermocouple in the gas stream, and referred to as the pyrolysis temperature. Under these conditions three products were separately collected and further analyzed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. More gases and less chars were produced with higher pyrolyzing temperature and with higher rates of heating, but the yields of oils tended downwards at temperatures above 700$\circ$C. Accordingly, operating conditions of pyrolysis should be varied with desired material. 2. Calorific values and sulfur contents of produced oils were sufficient and suitable for fuel use. Chars from waste rubber had high heating values with low sulfur contents, but calorific values of chars from waste PVC and waste slipper were as low as 3, 065-4, 273 kcal/kg and 942-2, 545 kcal/kg, respectively. Therefore, char from these wastes are inappropriate for fuel. 3. Soluble contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in chars from waste rubber and waste slipper were below the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards. However soluble contents of Pb and Cd in chars from waste PVC were one or two times and five or seven times exceedingly the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards, respectively. 4. Post high heating is desirable for treatment method of waste PVC which generates toxic hydrogen chloride. 5. The proportions of hydrogen, methane and ethane in produced gases were in the range of 3.99-35.61% V/V, 18.22-32.50% V/V and 5.17-5.87% V/V, respectively. 6. Pyrolysis is a useful disposal method in case of waste slipper, which was hardly combustible, and thus investigations of this kind of materials are required for effective management of industrial waste. 7. Based upon the possible market development for products, overall pyroly economics to take account of treatment values of noncombustible or hazardous materials should be evaluated.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2015

In the past several decades, biofuels have emerged as candidates to help mitigate the issues of global warming, fossil fuel depletion and, in some cases, atmospheric pollution. To date, the only biofuels that have achieved any significant penetration in the global transportation sector are ethanol and biodiesel. The global consumption of biodiesel was rapidly increased from 2005. The goal of this study was to examine the chemical composition on particulate pollutant emissions from a diesel engine operating on several different biodiesels. Tests were performed on non-road diesel engine. Experiments were performed on 5 different fuel blends at 2 different engine loading conditions (50% and 75%). 5 different fuel blends were ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD, 100%), soy biodiesel (Blend 20% and Blend 100%) and canola biodiesel (Blend 20% and Blend 100%). The chemical properties of particulate pollutants were characterized using an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Organic matter and nitrate were generally the most abundant aerosol components and exhibited maximum concentration of $1207{\mu}g/m^3$ and $30{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, the oxidized fragment families ($C_xH_yO_1{^+}$, and $C_xH_yO_z{^+}$) account for ~13% of the three family sum, while ~87% comes from the $C_xH_y{^+}$ family. The two peaks of $C_2H_3O_2$ (m/z 59.01) and $C_3H_7O$ (m/z 59.04) located at approximately m/z 59 could be used to identify atmospheric particulate matter directly to biodiesel exhaust, as distinguished from that created by petroleum diesel in the AMS data.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.353-368
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• 2013

All Koreans had suffered heavily from municipal and industrial air pollution problems since 1960's to 1980's. However the levels of $SO_2$, CO, and Pb have been dramatically decreased since 1990's due to various air pollutants' reduction policies under the provisions of the 1978 Environmental Preservation Act and the 1990 Air Quality Preservation Act such as increasing the supply of low-sulfur fuel, the use of cleaner fuel, no use of solid fuel, and so on. Even though the national ambient air quality standard has been strengthened to protect public health and welfare, the levels of $NO_2$, $O_3$, and $PM_{10}$ frequently exceed the corresponding standards; for example, only 4 stations (1.7%) out of 239 nationwide monitoring stations satisfied the 24-hr based PM10 standard in 2011. Moreover, upto the present time, since there are serious underlying policies of economism and growth-first which can not be solely solved by the environmental laws, it is difficult to root out undesirable social evils such as public indifference, passive academic activities, complacent government bureaucracy, insufficient social responsibility of enterprise, and radical activities of environmental groups. The paper initially reviewed air pollution history of Korea with surveying various environmental factors affecting in/out-door air pollution in the past Korea. Further this study extensively investigated legal and political changes on air pollution control and management for the last 50 years, and then intensively discussed the present environment-related laws and policies unreasonably enforced in Korea. It is necessary to practically revise many outdated legal policies based on health-oriented thinking and on our current economic levels as well.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2013

We studied the possibility to produce solid fuel using cattle manure and to apply TAO (Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation) process of solid-liquid separation fraction. The physiochemical compositions of cattle manure solid fuel chip were analyzed as water 0.12%, low calorific value 3,510 kcal/kg, ashes 11.9%, chlorine 0.82%, sulfur dust 0.5%, mercury non-detection, cadmium 1.0 mg/kg, lead 2 mg/kg, arsenic non-detection. In treating cattle manure with TAO reactor the internal temperature of the reactor was increasing higher and $50^{\circ}C$ and over was maintained after 20 hours on. The physiochemical compositions of liquids increased from pH 7.3 to pH 9.18 and EC decreased from 4.6 to 3.48 mS/cm in treating process of cattle manure with TAO reactor. COD and SCOD decreased from 16,800 to 10,400 mg/L, from 4,600 to 2,040 mg/L respectively, which showed about 38% and 56% of remove efficiency respectively.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2019

여러 국가를 통행하는 다양한 형태의 선박에서 배출되는 황산화물에 의해 지역적인 대기오염이 심화됨에 따라 국제해사기구에서는 황산화물 배출제어지역을 설정하여 규제하고 있다. 이러한 지역적 규제를 만족시키기 위해서는 선박의 연료선택방법과 배가스 후처리 장치가 적용되고 있으나 경제적인 이유로 스크러버를 설치하여 배출되는 황산화물의 양을 저감하는 배가스 후처리 방법이 주로 선호되고 있다. 스크러버는 배출가스 중 황산화물을 액적에 흡수시켜 황산화물의 양을 저감하는 장치로 액적의 크기에 따라 스크러버의 성능이 좌우된다. 이러한 성능을 평가하기 위해서, 본 논문에서는 대향류형 스크러버와 사이클론 스크러버를 설계하고, 전산유체역학을 이용하여 각 액적의 크기에 따른 탈황 효율과 액적이 증발되는 양을 평가하였다. 평가 방법으로 스크러버 내부는 기체와 액체의 2상 유동을 가지기 때문에, Eulerian-Eulerian 해석 기법을 사용하였으며, 액적의 직경이 $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, $500{\mu}m$와 $700{\mu}m$일 때 계산을 진행하여 스크러버를 분석하였다. 계산 결과, 2종류의 스크러버 모두 $500{\mu}m$와 $700{\mu}m$일 때 높은 탈황 효율과 낮은 증발량을 나타내었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2010

1.7L 커먼 레일 직접 연료분사 디젤엔진과 초저유황 스웨덴 디젤 연료를 이용하여 연료분사시기 8.5CA BTDC~0.5CA BTDC 와 배기가스 재순환률 37%, 43%, 48% 영역에서 실험을 수행하였다. 각각의 배기가스 재순환률에 대하여 연료분사시기가 지각됨에 따라 매연과 질소산화물이 동시에 저감되나 탄화수소와 일산화탄소는 증가하는 저온 디젤 연소영역에 있음을 확인하였다. 탄화수소를 가스크로마토그래프와 불꽃 이온 검출기를 사용하여 종 분석을 수행하였으며, 연료분사시기가 지각될수록, 그리고 배기가스 재순환률이 증가할수록 Partially burned HC, 알켄의 비율이 증가하였다. Partially burned HC 중에서 에텐이, 그리고 Unburned HC 중에서 노말 운데케인이 가장 많이 배출되었다. 이 두 개의 탄화수소 종은 촉매 연구에 사용되는 벤치 플로우리액터 시험에서 대표적인 탄화수소 종으로 사용할 수 있다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2012

Among the fossil fuels, the brown coal is a great deal of resources. However, it is hardly used due to the high moisture content and low calorific value. It has both the week points such as spontaneous combustion and high volatile content and the strong points such as the low-sulfur and low ash content. If we overcome these week points, the using amount of brown coal would be increased. Also, it is well known that biomass is one of the important primary renewable energy sources because of carbon neutral energy. Furthermore, the utilization of biomass has been more and more concerned with the depletion of fossil fuel sources as well as the global warming issues. Combustion and thermal decomposition of biomass is one of the more promising techniques among all alternatives proposed for the production of energy from biomass. In this study, combustion of brown coals and mushroom waste was done. Mass change of samples and emission of hydrocarbon components were measured. As the results, we obtained combustion rate constant. Also activation energy was calculated in char combustion step. Hydrocarbon components were more generated in low oxygen concentration than high. Emission amount of hydrocarbon components in mushroom waste was significantly increased comparing to brown coal.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.809-818
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• 2019

2020년 1월 1일부터 국제해사기구(IMO)는 전 세계 모든 해역을 지나가는 선박을 대상으로 선박연료유의 황 함유량 상한선을 3.5 %에서 0.5 %로 낮춰 선박으로 인해 발생하는 대기오염을 줄이기 위한 강력한 규제를 실시한다. 황 함유량이 낮은 연료유를 사용하여 대기오염 물질을 줄이는 것도 중요하지만 선박을 경제적으로 운영하여 불필요한 에너지 낭비를 줄이는 것 또한 대기오염 물질을 줄이는데 큰 도움이 된다. 따라서 선박은 잡음의 영향을 받더라도 항로를 정확하게 유지하여야 한다. 항로를 정확하게 추종하기 위해 오토파일럿 시스템이 사용되지만 오토파일럿 시스템의 성능이 아무리 우수하다 하더라도 잡음의 영향을 받게 된다면 성능에 한계를 가진다. 실제 환경에서는 자이로스코프에서 측정잡음이 더해진 회두각이 오토파일럿 시스템의 입력으로 들어가 오토파일럿 시스템의 성능을 저하시킨다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 상태추정에 쓰이는 Kalman Filter를 적용하여 잡음의 영향을 줄여주는 기법이 있지만 이 또한 역시 잡음의 영향을 완전히 제거시키는 것이 불가능하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 잡음제거 성능을 더욱 더 개선시키기 위해 전진방향 구간에서는 인공지능 기술 중 하나인 다층퍼셉트론(Multi-Layer Perceptron; MLP)를 적용하고, 회전구간에서는 Kalman Filter를 적용하여 Kalman Filter만을 사용한 경우보다 우수한 잡음제거 기법을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 방법이 Kalman Filter만을 사용한 경우보다 조타기의 오동작을 방지하여 선박의 전진방향 운동이 개선됨을 확인할 수 있다.