• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.320-326
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• 2002

Distribution system loss minimization re-configuration is 0-1 planning problem, and the number of combinations requiring searches is extremely large when dealing with typical system scales. For this reason, the application of a genetic algorithm (GA) seems attactive to solve this problem. Although Genetic algorithms are a type of random number search method, they incorporate a multi-point search feature and are therefore superior to one-point search techniques. The efficiency of GAs for solving large combinational problem has received wide attention. Further, parallel searching can be performed and the optimal solution is more easily reached. In this paper, for improving GA convergence characteristics in the distribution system loss minimization re-configeration problem, a chromosome "Limited Life" concept is intro duced. Briefly, considering the population homogenization and genetic drift problems, natural selection is achieved by providing this new concept, in addition to natural selection by fitness. This is possible because individuals in a population have an age value. Simulations were carried out using a model system to check this method's validity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.643-650
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• 2009

The necessary consequence by the rapid economic growth in large-scale urban excavation is increasing. If the site is the congested in downtown, the scale of excavation will get the large-scale and the extreme depth. We have achieved a high level technology internationally by the design and construction of underground excavation since 1980's. But the accidents during excavation are frequently occurring. So, this demage instigates the human life loss as well as economical loss. The recent accident is come about the damage for public facilities such as the railroad, subway and etc. in addition to the loss of life and property. For these reasons, the recent accident is being caused the damage of copious social overhead capital. The reasons of collapse during excavation can be classified roughly into the administrative part(sanction, permission), the investigation and design, the construction and management and etc. In this study the close check for the cases of the recent collapse is performed and the improvement course for the prevention of collapse is found.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2006

The Imha watershed is vulnerable to severe erosion due to the topographical characteristics such as mountainous steep slopes. Sediment inflow from upland area has also deteriorated the water quality and caused negative effects on the aquatic ecosystem of the Imha reservoir. The Imha reservoir was affected by sediment-laden density currents during the typhoon 'Maemi' in 2003. The RUSLE model was combined with GIS techniques to analyze the mean annual erosion losses and the soil losses caused by typhoon 'Maemi'. The model is used to evaluate the spatial distribution of soil loss rates under different land uses. The mean annual soil loss rate and soil losses caused by typhoon 'Maemi' were predicted as 3,450 tons/km2/year and 2,920 ton/km2/'Maemi', respectively. The sediment delivery ratio was determined to be about 25% from the mean annual soil loss rate and the surveyed sediment deposits in the Imha reservoir in 1997. The trap efficiency of the Imha reservoir was calculated using the methods of Julien, Brown, Brune, and Churchill and ranges from 96% to 99%.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.309-341
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• 2009

According to a case of Supreme Court's Sentence No. 2009DA17417 (May 21, 2009), the Supreme Court judges that 'the right to life is the ultimate one of basic human rights stipulated in the Constitution, so it is required to very limitedly and conservatively determine whether to discontinue any medical practice on which patient's life depends directly.' In addition, the Supreme Court admits that 'only if a patient who comes to a fatal phase before death due to attack of any irreversible disease may execute his or her right of self-determination based on human respect and values and human right to pursue happiness, it is permissible to discontinue life-sustaining treatment for him or her, unless there is any special circumstance.' Furthermore, the Supreme Court finds that 'if a patient who is attacked by any irreversible disease informs medical personnel of his or her intention to agree on the refusal or discontinuance of life-sustaining treatment in advance of his or her potential irreversible loss of consciousness, it is justifiable that he or she already executes the right of self-determination according to prior medical instructions, unless there is any special circumstance where it is reasonably concluded that his or her physician is changed after prior medical instructions for him or her.' The Supreme Court also finds that 'if a patient remains at irreversible loss of consciousness without any prior medical instruction, he or she cannot express his or her intentions at all, so it is rational and complying with social norms to admit possibility of estimating his or her own intentions on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, provided that such a withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment meets his or her interests in view of his or her usual sense of values or beliefs and it is reasonably concluded that he or she could likely choose to discontinue life-sustaining treatment, even if he or she were given any chance to execute his or her right of self-determination.' This judgment is very significant in a sense that it suggests the reasonable orientation of solutions for issues posed concerning withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining medical efforts. The issues concerning removal of medical instruments for meaningless life-sustaining treatment and discontinuance of such treatment in regard to medical treatment for terminal cases don't seem to be so much big deal when a patient has clear consciousness enough to express his or her intentions, but it counts that there is any issue regarding a patient who comes to irreversible loss of consciousness and cannot express his or her intentions. Therefore, it is required to develop an institutional instrument that allows relevant authority to estimate the scope of physician's medical duties for terminal patients as well as a patient's intentions to withdraw any meaningless treatment during his or her terminal phase involving loss of consciousness. However, Korean judicial authority has yet to clarify detailed cases where it is permissible to discontinue any life-sustaining treatment for a patient in accordance with his or her right of self-determination. In this context, it is inevitable and challenging to make better legislation to improve relevant systems concerning withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. The State must assure the human basic rights for its citizens and needs to prepare a system to assure such basic rights through legislative efforts. In this sense, simply entrusting physician, patient or his or her family with any critical issue like the withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining treatment, even without any reasonable standard established for such entrustment, means the neglect of official duties by the State. Nevertheless, this issue is not a matter that can be resolved simply by legislative efforts. In order for our society to accept judicial system for withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, it is important to form a social consensus about this issue and also make proactive discussions on it from a variety of standpoints.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.668-676
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an electric field refrigeration (EFR) on the quality characteristics of pork loin including dry aging loss, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, color, shear force, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and microbial growth during dry aging (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 wk) in comparison with a commercial refrigerator (CR). Total plate counts (TPC) of the CR group approached 8.07 Log CFU/g at 2 wk of dry aging, thus indicating meat spoilage. Cooking loss, lightness, and shear force of EFR were significantly decreased (p<0.05) at subsequent aging weeks in both the EFR and CR. Aging loss, TPC, TBARS levels increased at subsequent aging weeks; however, pH values were not influenced by aging. At the same aging weeks (1 or 2 wk), the EFR group displayed significantly lower values (p<0.05) of aging loss, pH, TPC, and TBARS levels than the CR group. No significant differences in WHC, cooking loss, and shear force was observed until 2 wk of aging between the EFR and CR groups. The present results show that application of the EFR system improves the tenderness, color, and lipid oxidation stability of pork loin and extends its shelf life in comparison with a commercial refrigeration.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1022-1026
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• 2009

Cross contamination of foodborne virus via food utensils can be an important route of virus propagation. Bacteriophage MS2 was used as a surrogate for norovirus. The viability loss of bacteriophage MS2 attached to 4 kinds of metal surfaces was investigated at different temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The rate of viability loss was higher at $22^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$ and was higher at 75% RH than at 40% RH. The viability loss of the virus attached to copper or bronze surface was faster than on stainless steel or tin surface. Also the beef juice applied with the virus inoculum on the metal surfaces lowered the rate of viability loss. Although bronze was not as effective as copper in resulting the viability loss, it has been extensively used as a traditional Korean kitchen utensil and could be used more widely to decrease the viral poisoning at food processing environment and hospitals.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.211-226
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• 2017

The chain-ladder method, for which run-off data is employed is popularly used in the rate-adjustment and loss-reserving practices of non-life-insurance and health-insurance companies. The method is applicable when the underlying assumption of a consistent development pattern is in regards to a cumulative loss payment after the occurrence of an insurance event. In this study, a modified chain-ladder algorithm is proposed for when the assumption is considered to be only partially appropriate for the given run-off data. The concept of a structural-change point in the run-off data and its reflection in the estimation of unpaid loss amounts are discussed with numerical illustrations. Experience data from private health insurance coverage in Korea were analyzed based on the suggested method. The performance in estimation of loss reserve was also compared with traditional approaches. We present evidence in this paper that shows that a reflection of a structural-change point in the chain-ladder method can improve the risk management of the relevant insurance products. The suggested method is expected to be utilized easily in actuarial practice as the algorithm is straightforward.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.405-413
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• 2022

Hair loss is a common status found among people of all ages. Since the role of hair is much more related to culture and individual identity, hair loss can have a great influence on well-being and quality of life. It is a disorder that is observed in only scalp patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or alopecia areata caused by stress or immune response abnormalities. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic medicines such as finasteride, and minoxidil improve hair loss temporarily, but when they stop, they have a limitation in that hair loss occurs again. As an alternative strategy for improving hair growth, many studies reported that there is a relationship between the expression levels of prostaglandins (PGs) and hair growth. Four major PGs such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2₂), prostaglandin I2 (PGI₂), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF_2α) are spatiotemporally expressed in hair follicles and are implicated in hair loss. This review investigated the physiological roles and pharmacological interventions of the PGs in the pathogenesis of hair loss and provided these novel insights for clinical therapeutics for patients suffering from alopecia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2002

This study examined the crisis experiencing by middle - aged women and tried to understand their lived experiences also explored the nature of their crisis. Method: The data was collected from 7 participants living in Incheon and Seoul from Sep. 2000 to Feb. 2001. The analysis of the data was made the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi. Result: The meanings of the lived experiences of the middle - aged women's crisis ; Impatience about decreased physical function : an attack of a disease, decreased strength, decreased quickness, decreased desire, increased concern of health, poor memory, easy fatigue, change of appearance, change of conjugal relations, sense of loss. Psychological, emotional disturbances : sense of emptiness, regret, sharpness, feeling gloomy, fear of dying, loneliness, feeling the want, loss of confidence. Attitude of active life : reinforcement of self experience, enrichment of understanding, search of self satisfaction, search of self development, development of support system, management of independent life. Envy feeling from relative comparison : feeling of comfort, unsatisfaction to the husband, yearning for youth. Conclusion: Therefore, the program should be developed for the program of physical, psychological, and emotional health and expansion of social role of the middle - aged women.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.165-183
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• 2005

Purpose : This study is to identify the aftermath of hysterectomy in the treatment of a uterine disease. Methods : We collected treatises on the aftermath of hysterectomy and analyzed those. Those treatise had relation to change in ano-rectal function, ovarian function, change of serum sex hormone levels, bone mineral density, quality of life and so on. Results : After the treatises on the aftermath of hysterectomy, common symptoms after hysterectomy were general weakness, loss of taste, sweating, abdominal pain, dysuria, vaginal bleeding, weight loss, emptyness on lower abdomen and pains on operation. Conclusion : The result of this study suggest the aftermath of hysterectomy in the treatment of a uterine disease. In conclusion, our result support the importance of earlier prediction and a proper management plan to improve the quality of life in women.