• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.691-694
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• 2014

Background: Tumor length in patients with esophageal cancer (EC) has recently received great attention. However, its prognostic role for EC is controversial. The purpose of our study was to characterize the prognostic value of tumor length in EC patients and offer the optimum cut-off point of tumor length by reliable statistical methods. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 71 consecutive patients with EC who underwent surgery. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off point for tumor length, measured with a handheld ruler after formalin fixation. Correlations between tumor length and other factors were surveyed, and overall survival (OS) rates were compared between the two groups. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were a total of 71 patients, with a male/female divide of 43/28 and a median age of 59. Characteristics were as follows: squamous/adenocarcinoma, 65/6; median tumor length, 4 (0.9-10); cut-off point for tumor length, 4cm. Univariate analysis prognostic factors were tumor length and modality of therapy. One, three and five year OS rates were 84, 43 and 43% for tumors with ${\leq}4cm$ length, whereas the rates were 75, 9 and 0% for tumors >4 cm. There was a significant association between tumor length and age, sex, weight loss, tumor site, histology, T and N scores, differentiation, stage, modality of therapy and longitudinal margin involvement. Conclusions: Future studies for modification of the EC staging system might consider tumor length too as it is an important prognostic factor. Further assessment with larger prospective datasets and practical methods (such as endoscopy) is needed to establish an optimal cut-off point for tumor length.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.146-158
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• 2010

In order to evaluate the characteristics of sediments and pollution by organic matter and metallic elements in intertidal sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea, we measured various geochemical parameters, including the mean grain size (Mz), water content (WC), ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and metallic elements (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, As), in intertidal surface sediments. The Mz of the surface sediments ranged from 2.1 to 8.3$\phi$, indicating that the surface sediments consist of various sedimentary facies, such as sand, slightly gravelly mud, sandy mud, and silt. The IL and COD in surface sediment ranged from 0.8 to 5.5% (mean $2.9\pm1.2%$) and from 3.9 to $13.8\;mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$ (mean $8.5\pm2.6\;mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$), respectively, which were lower than the values for surface sediment in areas near fish and shellfish farms or industrial complexes. No AVS was detected at any sampling station, despite various sedimentary facies. Most of metallic elements in surface sediments showed relatively good positive correlations with Mz and IL, which imply that the concentrations of metallic elements are mainly controlled by grain size and the organic matter content. The concentrations of metallic elements, except As, at some stations were considerably lower than those in the Sediment Quality Guideline (Effect Range Low, ERL) proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. Similarly, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) class indicated that pollution by metallic elements in intertidal surface sediment, except As, was moderate or non-existent. Our results imply that the intertidal surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea are not polluted by organic matter and metallic elements and are healthy for benthic organisms.

• 분석과학
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.465-476
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 대기환경시료 및 현장조건에서 채취한 현장시료들 중, 악취성분 및 주요 VOC 성분들 중에서 여러 유형의 관리대상으로 지정 중인 benzene, toluene, p-xylene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone의 농도분석 방식들을 비교하였다. 이때, GC/FID와 튜브를 연계한 F-T 분석방식과 GC/MS와 백(bag)을 연계한 M-B방식으로 같은 시료를 각각 분석하고 이들 결과 값을 비교하였다. 상관분석결과, toluene과 pxylene에서 F-T와 M-B방법간의 결과에서 큰 상관성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(P < 1.4E-08). 양 기기간의 오차를 percent difference (PD)와 같이 산술적으로 구하여 평가한 결과, benzene과 toluene의 농도는 상대적으로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 그러나 분석대상 성분들 간에 양 방식의 차이는 평균적으로 35%가 넘으면서 F-T와 M-B간의 오차가 일정 수준이상으로 존재하였다. 그리고 F-T/M-B ratio가 대부분 1 이하로 나타나면서, M-B의 결과 값이 F-T에 비해 상대적으로 크게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 양 분석기기로부터 산출한 결과 값을 통계적으로 판단하기 위해, t-test를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 95% 신뢰수준에서 toluene, pxylene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone 성분에서는 두 시스템간의 결과 값에 차이가 유의한 것으로 나타났다(P < 0.043). 그러나 전반적으로 양 분석기법의 차이에 따른 오차는 상당 부분 선택한 표준시료의 성상 및 백내부의 시료손실 등과 같은 요인에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1982

Pot에 재배(栽培)한 수도(水稻) 진주벼와 이리 348호(號)에 수분 결핍과 염장애를 유도한 다음 몇가지 유기대사산물(有機代謝産物)과 무기(無機)이온의 함량(含量)을 측정(測定)하고 관계되는 몇가지 효소활성(酵素活性)을 측정(測定)하여 비교검토(比較檢討)하였다. 비내염성(非耐鹽性)으로 알려진 이리 348호(號)가 부적환경조건(不適環境條件)에서 수분손실(水分損失)이 심하고 proline의 함량(含量)도 많았다. 2품종(品種) 모두 부적환경조건(不適環境條件)에서 조단백질, 총유리아미노산, proline, polypheonol화합물(化合物)이 증가(增加)됐으나 환원량(環元糧)은 수분장애구(水分障碍區)에서만 축적(蓄積)되었다. 조단백질에 대한 유기용질(有機溶質)의 비(比)는 진주벼의 부적환경구(不適環境區)에서만 증가한 반면 이리 348호(號)에서는 변화가 없었다. 부적환경구(不適環境區)에서 황성(活性)이 증가(增加)한 효소(酵素)로는 protease, ${\alpha}-amylase$, phosphorylase가 있으며, 특히 조단백질에 대한 총유리아미노산의 비(比)의 증가(增加)는 protease에 의한 단백질의 가수분해(加水分解)에 기인했다. $Na^+$과 $Cl^-$의 함량은 이리 348호(號)에서 진주벼에서 보다 높았다. $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$과 양이온의 일가(一價)/이가(二價)의 값들은 진주벼에서 항상 낮았고, $K^+/Na^+$은 진주벼에서 높았다. 그러므로 이러한 값이 염해(鹽害)와 한발(旱魃)에 대한 저항성과 어떠한 상관(相關)이 있는지 더욱 연구(硏究)할 필요가 있다고 본다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-254
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• 2013

The nutria(Myocastor coypus) that is originated from South America is a representative Invasive alien species in Korea. invasive alien species is one of the biggest causes for the loss of biodiversity and it may threaten the conservation and function of ecology as well as the welfare of mankind. Intense habitation has been made around the Nakdong River basin area that this study has analyzed the habitat density of nutria for the subject of 3 survey sites in the Nakdong River basin area. As a result of survey on habitation density in 2011 and 2012, under St.1 it was shown $2.01{\pm}0.21$/ha in 2011 and $0.69{\pm}0.55$/ha in 2012. Under St.2, it was shown $0.91{\pm}0.37$/ha in 2011 and $0.55{\pm}0.39$/ha in 2012. Under St.3, it was shown $5.31{\pm}0.72$/ha in 2011 and $3.99{\pm}2.31$/ha in 2012. The wet survey areas of St.1 and St.3 had shown relatively high habitation density compared to St. 2, the river survey area, and the average annual habitation density of the survey area was $2.74{\pm}2.29$/ha in 2011 and $1.74{\pm}1.18$/ha in 2012 that it has shown slightly reducing trend. As a result of measuring the morphology by capturing the habitation individuals, the average body length of adults is $92.23{\pm}9.41cm$, the length from the head to body for $53.90{\pm}5.15cm$, tail length for $38.33{\pm}4.83cm$, hind foot length for $13.82{\pm}1.00cm$, front foot length for $6.02{\pm}0.56cm$, and weight for $5.48{\pm}1.08kg$. As a result of comparing the types between genders, male showed a slightly higher figure in all parts compared to female and it showed significantly difference in total body length, head-body length, front foot length and total weight. As a result of analysis for each head-body length, other measured parts, weight and relativity for each measured part, all bodily part is shown to have the higher volume of correlations. The condition index of individuals in the survey area was shown in the average of $35.67{\pm}4.78$ with female for an average of $36.60{\pm}5.19$ and male for an average of $34.73{\pm}4.34$. The winter temperature in the southern area of Korea is considered for not greatly impacting on the habitation and development of nutria that, if there is no artificial control, it is considered to have certain concern of showing drastic breeding and territory expansion for the habitation group.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2007

Objectives : Empathy has been conceptualized as the ability of emotional resonance and perspective-taking. Emotional awareness has been proposed as the basis of empathy. In this study we examined the relationship between empathy and mood awareness and their neural correlates in resting-state activity in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Empathy and mood awareness scale scores were compared between 29 patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls by voxel-based t-tests and voxel-based correlation analyses of resting-state $^{18}F$-FDG PET images. Results : Empathy and mood labeling scale scores were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients. Mood monitoring was positively correlated with empathy score in normal controls, but not in schizophrenic patients. In normal controls, empathy was positively correlated with resting-state activities in the intraparietal sulcus and mood monitoring was positively correlated with the temporal pole, frontopolar cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex and the subgenual prefrontal cortex resting activities. The orbitofrontal cortex resting activity was positively correlated with mood monitoring-related subgenual prefrontal cortex activity in the normal controls. Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased orbitofrontal resting activity and loss of its correlations with mood monitoring-related regional activities. Conclusion : This study showed that alteration in the resting-state activity in schizophrenia may reflect dysfunctional empathy and distorted characteristic of emotional awareness. However, the resting-state activity may not reflect the relationship between emotional awareness and empathy.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 1988

도시 폐기물의 퇴비화 과정중 퇴비중의 질소 화합물 함량을 시기별로 조사한 결과 다음과 같다. 1. 총 질소, 유기성 질소 및 미생물 이용 가능 질소 함량은 거의 변화가 없었으며 미생물 이용 불가능 질소 함량은 약간 증가하였다. 그러나 총 질소, 유기성 질소 및 미생물 이용 가능 질소의 유효성분 함량은 감소하였으며 미생물 이용 불가능 질소의 유효성분 함량은 거의 일정하였다. 2. 암모늄태 질소 함량은 초기에 높았다가 퇴비화가 진행됨에 따라 감소 하였으며 이적을 한 후에는 다시 증가하다가 감소하였다. 3. 질산태 질소 함량은 암모늄태 질소 함량과 반대 경향을 보였다. 4. 유기물 중 유기성 질소 함량은 증가하였으며 초기에는 완만한 증가현상을 보이다가 9주와 21주 사이에 급격히 증가하였다. 5. $F{\"{o}}rster$ 방법에 의한 총 질소 함량이 Kjeldahl 방법에 의한 것보다 높았으며 Kjeldahl 방법에 의한 총 질소 함량이 $F{\"{o}}rster$ 방법에 의한 미생물 이용 가능 질소 함량보다 6% 높았다. 6. 30주 후 총 질소 손실량은 Kjeldahl 방법으로 측정한 결과 50% $F{\"{o}}rster$ 방법으로 측정한 결과 48% 이었으며 초기 2주 내에 급격한 질소 손실이 일어났다. 7 Kjeldahl 방법에 의한 총 질소, 미생물 이용 가능 질소, $F{\"{o}}rster$ 방법에 의한 총질소 및 미생물 이용 가능 질소 상호간에 유의적인 정(+)의 상관이 있었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1088-1096
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• 1966

The following is a method of synthetic unitgraph derivation based on the routing of a time area diagram through channel storage, studied by Clark-Jonstone and Laurenson. Unithy drograph (or unitgraph) is the hydrograph that would result from unit rainfall\ulcorner excess occuring uniformly with respect to both time and area over a catchment in unit time. By thus standarzing rainfall characteristics and ignoring loss, the unitgraph represents only the effects of catchment characteristics on the time distribution of runoff from a catchment The situation abten arises where it is desirable to derive a unitgraph for the design of dams, large bridge, and flood mitigation works such as levees, floodways and other flood control structures, and are also used in flood forecasting, and the necessary hydrologie records are not available. In such cases, if time and funds permit, it may be desirable to install the necessary raingauges, pruviometers, and stream gaging stations, and collect the necessary data over a period of years. On the otherhand, this procedure may be found either uneconomic or impossible on the grounds of time required, and it then becomes necessary to synthesise a unitgraph from a knowledge of the physical charcteristics of the catchment. In the preparing the approach to the solution of the problem we must select a number of catchment characteristic(shape, stream pattern, surface slope, and stream slope, etc.), a number of parameters that will define the magnitude and shape of the unit graph (e.g. peak discharge, time to peak, and base length, etc.), evaluate the catch-ment characteristics and unitgraph parameters selected, for a number of catchments having adequate rainfall and stream data and obtain Correlations between the two classes of data, and assume the relationships derived in just above question apply to other, ungaged, Catchments in the same region and, knowing the physical characteritics of these catchments, substitute for them in the relation\ulcorner ships to determine the corresponding unitgraph parameters. This method described in this note, based on the routing of a time area diagram through channel storage, appears to provide a logical line of research and they allow a readier correlation of unitgraph parameters with catchment characteristics. The main disadvantage of this method appears to be the error in routing all elements of rainfall excess through the same amount of storage. evertheless, it should be noted that the synthetic unitgraph method is more accurate than the rational method since it takes account of the shape and tophography of the catchment, channel storage, and temporal variation of rainfall excess, all of which are neglected in rational method.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in oral health-related quality of life among elderly people aged over 65 years, in terms of physical, mental and oral health status and to analyze factors affecting their oral health-related quality of life. Methods: From May 9 to June 23, 2017, we randomly visited aged-care community centers in the metropolitan area, and recruited 222 elderly, aged 65 or older. First, each participant completed a questionnaire consisting of 4 general items: 1 systematic disease, and 3 subjective oral conditions. Afterwards, the researchers interviewed the participants to assess their mental status, using MMSE-DS and recorded the responses. Finally, an oral examination was performed to determine the number of remaining teeth. The average oral health-related quality of life according to each characteristic was analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis were used to analyze the correlations between factors and the factors affecting oral health-related quality of life. Results: The mean oral health-related quality of life was 4.15. Participants with 20 or more remaining teeth demonstrated better oral health-related quality of life than those with 19 or less teeth. Higher oral health-related quality of life was also found among elderly without gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and dry mouth. In addition, positive correlation with the number of remaining teeth and negative correlation with gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and dry mouth, were noted. Finally, the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that remaining teeth, gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and education were influential factors in determining the oral health-related quality of life among the elderly. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the necessity of better policy support, and the importance of implementing delivered, elderly-centered oral health education program by professionals to prevent tooth loss and manage periodontal diseases.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 슬리브 이음된 배관 사이의 간극과 Re가 변할 때 배관 내의 유동은 어떻게 변하는지 조사함으로써 조정관 설치 시에 압력손실과 난류 강도를 감소시킬 수 있는 배관 간극(Lp)을 파악하는 것이다. 슬리브 이음된 배관 두께(tp)는 5 mm로 고정하고 Lp는 10, 50, 100 및 200 mm로 하여 슬리브 이음부의 속도, 압력 분포, 재순환 영역에서의 재부착점 길이 및 Re와의 상관관계를 해석하였다. 상용 프로그램인 Ansys fluent 18.1을 이용하였고, Re의 범위는 200 ≤ Re ≤ 5,000으로 하여 층류에서 난류까지 슬리브 이음부의 유동 특성을 파악하였다. 슬리브 이음부의 확대비와 축소비는 각각 1.2와 0.83이였고 Lp가 일정할 때 Re가 커질수록 슬리브 하류 가장자리(edge)의 난류 강도와 압력 변화가 크게 나타났다. 이는 슬리브 벽면에서의 유동이 tp에 의해 흐트러지고 속도 에너지의 손실이 발생하면서 슬리브 이음부의 가장자리에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. Lp가 10 mm 이하의 경우, Re가 증가함에 따라 가장자리의 난류 강도에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 재순환 영역에서의 재부착점은 Lp가 10 mm 이하에서 나타나지 않았으며 와(vortex)의 영향도 없었다. 3,000 ≤ Re의 경우, Lp가 증가함에 따라 슬리브 이음부 벽면에서의 재부착점 길이는 거의 일정하였다.