• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2000

Cyclic vomiting syndrome(CVS) is a disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by its clinical pattern of intermittent episodes of severe vomiting, similar in time of onset and duration, with no symptoms during the intervening period. By definition, CVS is an idiopathic disorder that requires exclusionary laboratory testing. Not only can it be mimicked by many specific disorders, eg, surgical, neurologic, endocrine, metabolic, renal, but within idiopathic CVS there may be specific subgroups that have different mechanisms. It has been reported that CVS usually begins in toddlers and resolves during adolescence. Migraine is also self-limiting episodic condition of children and the clinical features of migraine and CVS show considerable similarity. It is proposed that CVS is a condition related to migraine. This paper reports clinical courses of long term follow-up and reversible EEG changes in three patients whose history included CVS. Clinical situations of attack interval, duration and associated symptoms had changed variablely in each patients through long term follow-up period. Cyclic vomiting subsided in two cases. Abnormal delta activity was seen during episodes and resolved at follow-up, when the patient asymptomatic. The brain wave changes support the interpretation of CVS as a migraine variant.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.563-574
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• 2016

This study aimed to examine the predictors of mental health confidence(MHC) among individuals in psychiatric long-term care facilities(PLCF). It further examined whether the predictors and underlying mechanisms differed by the length of hospitalization. Sample consisted of 1,742 individuals residing in PLCF who participated in the Survey on PLCF. Structural equational modeling was used to examine the predictors of MHC. Multi-group Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used to examine whether the predictors and mechanisms differed by the length of hospitalization between those of 10 years or less (n=962) and 10 years and more (n=780). Major findings were as follows. (1) Education, duration of mental illness, and psychiatric symptoms were significantly related to MHC. (2) Duration of mental illness presented significant indirect effects on MHC via its effects on perceived stigma. (3) The predictors and underlying mechanisms differed by the length of hospitalization. Based on the findings, implications and limitations of the research were discussed.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.185-189
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• 2023

Purpose: Limited research has been conducted on the prevalence of non-medical opioid use (NMOU) in Korean cancer patients who have received prescription opioids (PO). This study aimed to identify the potential proportion of NMOU in cancer patients who had been prescribed opioids in Korea. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on 14,728 patients who underwent cancer-related treatment between January 2009 and December 2019, using electronically collected data from a tertiary hospital in Korea. Information regarding the type and duration of opioid use was gathered. A detailed review of medical charts was carried out, focusing on patients who had been prescribed opioids for over 60 days beyond a 12-month period following the completion of their cancer treatment (long-term PO users). Results: Out of the 5,587 patients who were prescribed PO and followed up for at least 12 months, 13 cases of NMOU were identified, representing 0.23% of the patient population. Among the 204 long-term PO users, the rate was 6.37% (13/204). The most commonly misused opioids were oxycodone and fentanyl. For the group confirmed to have NMOU, the median duration of prescription was 1,327 days in total. Of the 13 patients diagnosed with NMOU, 9 reported withdrawal symptoms, 3 exhibited craving behavior for opioids, and 1 experienced both symptoms. Conclusion: This study found that 0.23% of cancer patients who had been prescribed opioids in Korea demonstrated NMOU. Despite this relatively low rate, careful monitoring is necessary to minimize the risk of NMOU in this population, especially among long-term PO users.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1999

The application of pulsed electric field was investigated in the crossflow ultrafiltration of BSA (bovine serum albumn) to economize the application time of electric current as well as to avoid inherent problems of long-term application of electric field. During the application of various cyclic patterns of pulsed electric current, the averaged filtration flowrate and the degree of concentration were maintained higher than those obtained in the absence of electric current application. The temperature increase, pH change, and BSA loss by electrodeposition were all negligible during the operation. The averaged filtration flowrate increased as the ON/OFF duration ratio of electric current was higher and as the period of ON/OFF cycle was shorter. The re-establishment of concentration polarization was dependent to the duration of current OFF state and, therefore, a longer duration of OFF state was not favorable in maintaining higher filtration flow rate. Although the averaged filtration flowrate was enhanced as the magnitude of electric current increased, the flowrate enhancement became smaller as the magnitude of current value above which the degree of electrokinetic depolarization is no further improved.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 2014

This paper reported an experimental study on creep behaviors of PVB and Ionoplast laminated glass (LG) under load duration of 30 days. The tests were carried out in room temperature ($23^{\circ}C$). The study revealed that after sustaining loads for 30 days, the mid-span deflection of PVB LG increased by almost 102% compared with its short term deflection, while that of Ionoplast LG approximately increased by 14%; composite effects between two glass plies in PVB LG gradually reduced with time, but did not fully vanish at the 30th day; two glass plies in Ionoplast LG on the other hand was able to withstand loads as an effective composite section during the entire loading period; the creep behaviors of both LG were not finished yet at the 30th day. In addition to this, also studied was the varying of the bending stresses of PVB and Ionoplast LG under load duration of 2 hours. The tests were carried out in ambient temperatures of $30^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ respectively. It was found that under a given load, although the bending stresses of both LG increased with increasing temperature, for PVB LG the increasing rate of the bending stress decreased with increasing temperature, while for Ionoplast LG the increasing rate of the bending stress increased with increasing temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.547-551
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• 2008

The study aimed to develop a cryopreservation method for long-term storage using mature somatic embryo of Japanese larch. In this study, desiccation treatments significantly affected re-induction rates of embryogenic tissue (ET) from dried somatic embryos. In the effect of different dehydration temperature and duration on the re-initiation ET. the highest frequency was shown when somatic embryos were dehydrated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 (45.5%) or 1 day (43.3%), respectively. In addition, low temperatures [$4^{\circ}C$, 2 days (44.2%) or 3 days (43.5%)] were marked higher ET initiation. After that, the initiation value was declined with dehydration duration. For comparison of different relative humidity on re-induction frequency of ET, the best re-induction (43.5%) was obtained from somatic embryos pre-dried at $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ (RH 79%). Both $Na_2HPO_4$ (RH 97%) and $Na_2CO_3$ (RH 88%) treatments were showed the similar rate, 34.6, 34.2%, respectively. However the lowest rate (19.6%) was observed in distilled water (RH 100%). In comparison of the various storage temperatures and duration of the dried somatic embryos, the highest frequency (66.9%) of re-initiation was obtained when somatic embryos were cryopreserved for one day. However, the frequency was gradually decreased as the time length of storage increased regardless of types of storage. None of ET re-initiated when stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2 and 84 days.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.107-113
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to estimate the design flood runoff for ungaged forest watershed to reduce the flood damage in national park. Daewonsa watershed in Jirisan National Park was selected as study watershed, of which characteristic factors were obtained from GIS data. Flood runoff was simulated using SCS unit hydrograph module in HEC-HMS model. SCS Curve Number (CN) was calculated from forest type area weighted average method. Huff's time distribution of second-quartile storm of the Sancheong weather station, which is nearest from study watershed, was used for design flood runoff estimation. Critical storm duration for the study watershed was 3 hrs. Based on the critical duration, the peak runoff for each sub-watershed were simulated. It is recommended to monitor the long-term flow data for major stream stations in National Park for a better reliable peak runoff simulation results.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

This paper focuses on the effect of creep on the critical compressive strain (CCS) of concrete. The strain of concrete corresponding to the peak compressive stress is crucial in the selection of the ultimate yield strength of the reinforcing bar used in reinforced concrete columns. Among the various influencing factors, such as the creep, shrinkage, loading rate and confinement, the effect of creep and shrinkage is the most significant. So far, investigations into how these factors can affect the CCS of concrete have been rare. Therefore, to investigate the effect of creep and shrinkage on CCS, an experimental (part I) and a parametric study (part II) were conducted, as presented in these papers (part I considers creep effect, part II considers effect of creep and shrinkage). In part I, experiments pertaining to the loading age, loading rate, loading duration and loading and creep levels were conducted to study the effect of these variables on the CCS of concrete. It was found that the effects of the loading rate, loading age, and level and duration on the CCS of concrete were negligible. However, it is very important to consider the effect of creep.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.11
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• pp.1922-1928
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• 2008

The thermal rating of a conductor are maximum continuous current capacity and short time emergency current capacity. The overload operation for a faults have an effect on a conductor lifetime. Its time duration and overload level are limited to facility conditions of transmission lines. The short time emergency current capacity in KOREA observe the KEPCO's DESIGN RULE 1210, but its rules are not included to concept of an allowable short time duration. This papers are described to the calculation concept of short time emergency current capacity considering a time duration and an overload level. And we suggested a operation grouping and its maximum conductor temperature considering facility conditions - conductor lifetime, stability of connection points, conductor height above ground and clearance, in the operating and new T/L.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.619-622
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• 1993

Rumen bacterial amino acids in sheep on urea diet were monitored to assess a possible change in amino acid synthesis as a long term response to high rumen ammonia environment. A sheep was fed a semipurified diet with soybean meal, followed by a diet with urea as a main nitrogen source. Mixed rumen bacteria were harvested from ruminal fluid taken 3 h after feeding (twice in soybean meal feeding and 6 times in urea feeding) and fractionated as cell wall, proteins and protein-free cell supernatant of monitor amino acids in each fraction. Ruminal ammonia concentration at the sampling ranged from 5.7 to 39.5 mgN/dl. Cell wall and protein fractions of mixed rumen bacteria were stable in their amino acid composition regardless of nitrogen sources of diet and the feeding duration. However, protein-free cell supernatant fraction showed a higher alanine proportion with urea feeding (18.6 and 28.2 molar % of alanine for samples from sheep fed soybean meal and urea, respectively) and its duration (20.6 and 32.9 molar % for samples from sheep on urea diet for 1 and 65 days, respectively). Total free amino acid level of bacteria was depressed in the initial period of urea feeding but restored on 65th day of the feeding. These results suggest that an alanine synthesizing system may develop in rumen bacteria as urea feeding becomes longer.