• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 2022

The recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithm has been widely used in water-related research areas, such as water level predictions and water quality predictions, due to its excellent time series learning capabilities. However, studies on water quality predictions using RNN algorithms are limited because of the scarcity of water quality data. Therefore, most previous studies related to water quality predictions were based on monthly predictions. In this study, the quality of the water in a reservoir in Nonsan, Chungcheongnam-do Republic of Korea was predicted using the RNN-LSTM algorithm. The study was conducted after constructing data that could then be, linearly interpolated as daily data. In this study, we attempt to predict the water quality on the 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days instead of making daily predictions of water quality factors. For daily predictions, linear interpolated daily water quality data and daily weather data (rainfall, average temperature, and average wind speed) were used. The results of predicting water quality concentrations (chemical oxygen demand [COD], dissolved oxygen [DO], suspended solid [SS], total nitrogen [T-N], total phosphorus [TP]) through the LSTM algorithm indicated that the predictive value was high on the 7th and 15th days. In the 30th day predictions, the COD and DO items showed R² that exceeded 0.6 at all points, whereas the SS, T-N, and T-P items showed differences depending on the factor being assessed. In the 45th day predictions, it was found that the accuracy of all water quality predictions except for the DO item was sharply lowered.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.520-520
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• 2023

제주도 동부 중산간 지역은 화산암으로 구성된 지하지질로 인해 지하수위의 변동폭이 크고 변동양상이 복잡하여 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network, ANN) 모델 등을 활용한 지하수위의 예측이 어렵다. ANN에 적용되는 활성화함수에 따라 지하수의 예측성능은 달라질 수 있으므로 활성화함수의 비교분석 후 적절한 활성화함수의 사용이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 5개 활성화함수(sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent(tanh), Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU), Leaky Rectified Linear Unit(Leaky ReLU), Exponential Linear Unit(ELU))를 제주도 동부 중산간지역에 위치한 2개 지하수 관정에 대해 비교분석하여 최적 활성화함수 도출을 목표로 한다. 또한 최적 활성화함수를 활용한 ANN의 적용성을 평가하기 위해 최근 널리 사용되고 있는 순환신경망 모델인 Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) 모델과 비교분석 하였다. 그 결과, 2개 관정 중 지하수위 변동폭이 상대적으로 큰 관정은 ELU 함수, 상대적으로 작은 관정은 Leaky ReLU 함수가 지하수위 예측에 적절하였다. 예측성능이 가장 낮은 활성화함수는 sigmoid 함수로 나타나 첨두 및 최저 지하수위 예측 시 사용을 지양해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 도출된 최적 활성화함수를 사용한 ANN-ELU 모델 및 ANN-Leaky ReLU 모델을 LSTM 모델과 비교분석한 결과 대등한 지하수위 예측성능을 나타내었다. 이것은 feed-forward 방식인 ANN 모델을 사용하더라도 적절한 활성화함수를 사용하면 최신 순환신경망과 대등한 결과를 도출하여 활용 가능성이 충분히 있다는 것을 의미한다. 마지막으로 LSTM 모델은 가장 적절한 예측성능을 나타내어 다양한 인공지능 모델의 예측성능 비교를 위한 기준이 되는 참고모델로 활용 가능하다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 지하수위 예측과 더불어 하천수위 예측 등 다양한 시계열예측 및 분석연구에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.358-358
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 그동안 수자원분야 강우유출 해석분야에 활용되었던 대표적인 머신러닝&딥러닝(ML&DL) 모델을 활용하여 모델의 하이퍼파라미터 튜닝뿐만 아니라 모델의 특성을 고려한 기상 및 수문데이터의 조합과 전처리(lag-time, 이동평균 등)를 통하여 데이터 특성과 ML&DL모델의 조합시나리오에 따른 일 유입량 예측성능을 비교 검토하는 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 소양강댐 유역을 대상으로 1974년에서 2021년까지 축적된 기상 및 수문데이터를 활용하여 1) 강우, 2) 유입량, 3) 기상자료를 주요 영향변수(독립변수)로 고려하고, 이에 a) 지체시간(lag-time), b) 이동평균, c) 유입량의 성분분리조건을 적용하여 총 36가지 시나리오 조합을 ML&DL의 입력자료로 활용하였다. ML&DL 모델은 1) Linear Regression(LR), 2) Lasso, 3) Ridge, 4) SVR(Support Vector Regression), 5) Random Forest(RF), 6) LGBM(Light Gradient Boosting Model), 7) XGBoost의 7가지 ML방법과 8) LSTM(Long Short-Term Memory models), 9) TCN(Temporal Convolutional Network), 10) LSTM-TCN의 3가지 DL 방법, 총 10가지 ML&DL모델을 비교 검토하여 일유입량 예측을 위한 가장 적합한 데이터 조합 특성과 ML&DL모델을 성능평가와 함께 제시하였다. 학습된 모형의 유입량 예측 결과를 비교·분석한 결과, 소양강댐 유역에서는 딥러닝 중에서는 TCN모형이 가장 우수한 성능을 보였고(TCN>TCN-LSTM>LSTM), 트리기반 머신러닝중에서는 Random Forest와 LGBM이 우수한 성능을 보였으며(RF, LGBM>XGB), SVR도 LGBM수준의 우수한 성능을 나타내었다. LR, Lasso, Ridge 세가지 Regression모형은 상대적으로 낮은 성능을 보였다. 또한 소양강댐 댐유입량 예측에 대하여 강우, 유입량, 기상계열을 36가지로 조합한 결과, 입력자료에 lag-time이 적용된 강우계열의 조합 분석에서 세가지 Regression모델을 제외한 모든 모형에서 NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency) 0.8이상(최대 0.867)의 성능을 보였으며, lag-time이 적용된 강우와 유입량계열을 조합했을 경우 NSE 0.85이상(최대 0.901)의 더 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2020

최근 농업환경의 변화와 기후변화에 대응하기 위해 농업용수 관리 정보화 및 과학화의 필요성이 증대되어 실시간으로 저수지 저수량과 농업용수 공급량을 파악하기 위해 자동 수위계측시설이 도입되었다. 농림축산식품부의 저수지 자동수위측정기 설치 및 운영지침에 따라 현재 농어촌공사 관리 저수지 1,734개소 및 수로부 1,880개소에 자동수위계가 설치되어 있으며, 저수지와 수로에서 10분 간격으로 수위자료가 생성되고 있다. 농업용 저수지 수문자료의 공인지점은 2016년 6개소에서 2019년 49개소로 증대되고 있으며, 데이터 품질 저하의 최소화 및 신뢰성 있는 수문자료 생성의 필요성이 증가함에 따라 농업용 저수지의 특성을 반영한 저수지 수위 오결측 데이터 보정 방안 및 수문 자료 품질관리 방안이 요구된다. 농업용 저수지의 수위 변화 및 강우-유출 현상은 물리적 모형을 구축하여 기상, 지형 등 영향 인자와 수위(또는 유출)와의 상관관계를 분석하는 것은 무적으로 불가능하였지만, 최근 인공신경망 (Artificial Neural Network, ANN) 등과 같이 black-box 형태의 모형을 이용하여 비선형적인 수문해석이 가능해졌다. 본 연구에서는 빅데이터와 인공신경망을 결합시킨 알고리즘인 딥러닝 (Deep Learning) 기반의 LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) 모형을 활용하여 농업용 저수지 수위자료를 검토하여 자동계측기에서 발생하는 오류 보정을 위해 품질관리 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.27-43
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• 2023

The maritime industry is playing an increasingly vital part in global economic expansion. Specifically, the Baltic Dry Index is highly correlated with global commodity prices. Hence, the importance of BDI prediction research increases. But, since the global situation has become more volatile, it has become methodologically more difficult to predict the BDI accurately. This paper proposes an integrated machine-learning strategy for accurately forecasting BDI trends. This study combines the benefits of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) for research on prediction. We collected daily BDI data for over 27 years for model fitting. The research findings indicate that CNN successfully extracts BDI data features. On this basis, LSTM predicts BDI accurately. Model R2 attains 94.7 percent. Our research offers a novel, machine-learning-integrated approach to the field of shipping economic indicators research. In addition, this study provides a foundation for risk management decision-making in the fields of shipping institutions and financial investment.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.spc1
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• pp.1095-1105
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• 2021

The advancement of dam operation is further required due to the upcoming rainy season, typhoons, or torrential rains. Besides, physical models based on specific rules may sometimes have limitations in controlling the release discharge of dam due to inherent uncertainty and complex factors. This study aims to forecast the water level of the nearest station to the dam multi-timestep-ahead and evaluate the availability when it makes a decision for a release discharge of dam based on LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) of deep learning. The LSTM model was trained and tested on eight data sets with a 1-hour temporal resolution, including primary data used in the dam operation and downstream water level station data about 13 years (2009~2021). The trained model forecasted the water level time series divided by the six lead times: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18-hours, and compared and analyzed with the observed data. As a result, the prediction results of the 1-hour ahead exhibited the best performance for all cases with an average accuracy of MAE of 0.01m, RMSE of 0.015 m, and NSE of 0.99, respectively. In addition, as the lead time increases, the predictive performance of the model tends to decrease slightly. The model may similarly estimate and reliably predicts the temporal pattern of the observed water level. Thus, it is judged that the LSTM model could produce predictive data by extracting the characteristics of complex hydrological non-linear data and can be used to determine the amount of release discharge from the dam when simulating the operation of the dam.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.153-163
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• 2017

This research is based on the previous research that personally preferred safe distance, rotating angle and speed are differentiated. Thus, we use machine learning model for recognizing maneuvering modes trained per personal or per similar driving pattern groups, and we evaluate automatic driving according to maneuvering modes. By utilizing driving knowledge, we subdivided 8 kinds of longitudinal modes and 4 kinds of lateral modes, and by combining the longitudinal and lateral modes, we build 21 kinds of maneuvering modes. we train the labeled data set per time stamp through RNN, LSTM and Bi-LSTM models by the trips of drivers, which are supervised deep learning models, and evaluate the maneuvering modes of automatic driving for the test data set. The evaluation dataset is aggregated of living trips of 3,000 populations by VTTI in USA for 3 years and we use 1500 trips of 22 people and training, validation and test dataset ratio is 80%, 10% and 10%, respectively. For recognizing longitudinal 8 kinds of maneuvering modes, RNN achieves better accuracy compared to LSTM, Bi-LSTM. However, Bi-LSTM improves the accuracy in recognizing 21 kinds of longitudinal and lateral maneuvering modes in comparison with RNN and LSTM as 1.54% and 0.47%, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.769-781
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• 2017

Deep learning networks like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) show successful performances in many computer vision applications such as image classification, object detection, and so on. For implementation of deep learning networks in embedded system with limited processing power and memory, deep learning network may need to be simplified. However, simplified deep learning network cannot learn every possible scene. One realistic strategy for embedded deep learning network is to construct a simplified deep learning network model optimized for the scene images of the installation place. Then, automatic training will be necessitated for commercialization. In this paper, as an intermediate step toward automatic training under fisheye camera environments, we study more precise human localization in fisheye images, and propose an accurate human localization method, Automatic Ground-Truth Labelling Method (AGTLM). AGTLM first localizes candidate human object bounding boxes by utilizing GoogLeNet-LSTM approach, and after reassurance process by GoogLeNet-based CNN network, finally refines them more correctly and precisely(tightly) by applying saliency object detection technique. The performance improvement of the proposed human localization method, AGTLM with respect to accuracy and tightness is shown through several experiments.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.310-318
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• 2018

Recently, the importance of big data analysis is increasing as a large amount of data is generated by various devices connected to the Internet with the advent of Internet of Things (IoT). Especially, it is necessary to analyze various large-scale IoT streaming sensor data generated in real time and provide various services through new meaningful prediction. This paper proposes a real-time indoor PM10 concentration prediction LSTM model based on streaming data generated from IoT sensor using AWS. We also construct a real-time indoor PM10 concentration prediction service based on the proposed model. Data used in the paper is streaming data collected from the PM10 IoT sensor for 24 hours. This time series data is converted into sequence data consisting of 30 consecutive values from time series data for use as input data of LSTM. The LSTM model is learned through a sliding window process of moving to the immediately adjacent dataset. In order to improve the performance of the model, incremental learning method is applied to the streaming data collected every 24 hours. The linear regression and recurrent neural networks (RNN) models are compared to evaluate the performance of LSTM model. Experimental results show that the proposed LSTM prediction model has 700% improvement over linear regression and 140% improvement over RNN model for its performance level.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2022

Due to recent expansion of online market such as clothing, utilizing customer review has become a major marketing measure. User review has been used as a tool of analyzing sentiment of customers. Sentiment analysis can be largely classified with machine learning-based and lexicon-based method. Machine learning-based method is a learning classification model referring review and labels. As research of sentiment analysis has been developed, multi-modal models learned by images and video data in reviews has been studied. Characteristics of words in reviews are differentiated depending on products' and customers' categories. In this paper, sentiment is analyzed via considering review data and metadata of products and users. Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Self Attention-based Multi-head Attention models and Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformer (BERT) are used in this study. Same Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model is used upon every products information. This paper suggests a multi-modal sentiment analysis model that simultaneously considers user reviews and product meta-information.