• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2013

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (3%) rice straw (UTRS), and factor B was type of physical form of rice straw: long form rice straw (LFR) and chopped (4 cm) rice straw (CHR). The steers were offered the concentrate at 0.5% body weight (BW) /d and rice straw was fed ad libitum. DM intake and nutrient digestibility were increased (p<0.05) by urea treatment. Ruminal pH were decreased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group, while ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased (p<0.01) by urea treatment. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased (p<0.01) when steers were fed UTRS. Furthermore, VFA concentrations were not altered by treatments (p>0.05), except propionic acid (C3) was increased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group. Nitrogen (N) balance was affected by urea treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) synthesis were greater by UTRS and CHR group (p<0.05). The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater for UTRS than for RS (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that using the long form combined with urea treatment of rice straw improved feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial N synthesis in crossbred dairy steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1295-1303
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different physical forms and urea treatment of rice straw on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production. Four, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation with initial body weight (BW) of $409{\pm}20kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: untreated, long form rice straw (LRS), urea-treated (5%), long form rice straw (5% ULRS), urea-treated (2.5%), long form rice straw (2.5% ULRS) and urea-treated (2.5%), chopped (4 cm) rice straw (2.5% UCRS). Cows were fed with concentrate diets at a ratio of concentrate to milk yield of 1:2 and rice straw was fed ad libitum. The findings revealed significant improvements in total DM intake and digestibility by using long and short forms of urea-treated rice straw (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not altered among all treatments (p>0.05), whereas ruminal $NH_3$-N, BUN and MUN were found to be increased (p<0.01) by urea-treated rice straw as compared with untreated rice straw. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (p<0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (p<0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (p<0.05) in cows fed with long or short forms of urea-treated rice straw. The 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS had greater microbial protein synthesis and was greatest when cows were fed with 5% ULRS. The urea-treated rice straw fed groups had increased milk yield (p<0.05), while lower feed cost and greater economic return was in the 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS (p<0.01). From these results, it could be concluded that 2.5% ULRS could replace 5% ULRS used as a roughage source to maintain feed intake, rumen fermentation, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, milk production and economical return in mid-lactating dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.83-88
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of cattle fed young or mature guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. ecotype A) and urea supplemented rice straw. Evaluation was based on intake and digestibility parameters. Twelve crossbred bulls calves weighing $90{\pm}15$ kg were offered young (4 weeks regrowth) or mature (9 weeks regrowth) grass in the long or chopped (10-15 cm) form, and rice straw supplemented with urea. The diets were offered 30-60% in excess of voluntary intake, and the experiment consisted of two periods. The crude protein content of the young grass, mature grass and the straw offered were 12.2, 5.4 and 7.7%, respectively, and the refusal was 10.1, 3.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility of the young grass (69%) was significantly higher than the mature grass (62.5%) and straw (55.8%) diets. The organic matter intake (kg/100 kg LW/day) of the unchopped and chopped grass diets were 2.6 and 3.3 respectively, and these values were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the young grass (2.3) and straw (2.1) diets. The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of the mature grass diet offered in the chopped form (2.1 kg/100 kg LW/day) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the other three diets. The DOMI of the young and mature grass offered in the long form was similar (1.6 kg/100 kg LW/day), but were significantly better (p < 0.01) than the urea supplemented straw diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 1994

Two studies were conducted using 40 cross-bred bulls to study the effect of chopping, moistening with water or common salt solution on the nutritive value of rice straw (variety BG-400). Moistening with water did not significantly effect digestibility or intake of rice straw. As compared to straw fed in the long form, chopping did not significantly influence intake (2.33 vs 1.97kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively), but significantly (p<0.05) decreased the digestibility (41.6 vs 37.4%) and intake of digestible dry matter (0.99 vs 0.74kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$). Rice straw moistened with 2 or 4% common sea salt solution and directly fed to animals (Exp. 1) did not significantly effect its digestibility (43.9 and 43.1%, respectively) or intake (2.66 or 2.59kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively), but over night storing of 2% salt solution sprayed straw (Exp. 2) significantly reduced its digestibility (33.6%). The latter is difficult to explain because the sodium concentration (mg/g straw dry matter) was lower than 4% salt solution treatment used in experiment 1 (3.30 vs 5.22). It is concluded that chopping, moistening with water or NaCl salt solution did not significantly improve the nutritive value of rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1991

Twenty five 75% Holstein Friesian cross bred bullocks fed rice straw (Oryza sativa) of long form, were fed with the following five treatments. 1. Rice straw, untreated (RS) 2. RS + water (1:1), stored for 24 hours (WRS) 3. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (4 kg urea/100 litre water) and dried (USRS) 4. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (as in 3) stored in wet condition for 24 hours (UWRS) 5. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (as in 3) stored in pit for 21 days (UTRS). Potential digestibility of treatments of RS was evaluated by monitoring (in vitro) Simulating Rumen like Fermentation (SRLF). The results indicated that Dry Matter Intake (DMI), digestibility of nutrients, N utilization were of the order UTRS > UWRS > USRS > WRS and RS (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). SRLF index was high (255.84) for UTRS and least (145.58) for USRS. It was intermediary (199.66) for UWRS. The acetyl content (AC) of UTRS with higher hemicellulose (HCE) digestibility (80.8%) was low compared to UWRS, USRS, RS and WRS. The acetate content was of the order UTRS < UWRS < USRS < WRS and RS thereby indicating that reduction in acetyl content was an index of positive response of urea-treatment of RS. In addition, the ratio of HCE/AC in faeces of UTRS was 0.87 as against the ratios (2.26-2.48) observed in other treatments recording reduction in AC due to urea-treatment. Among the treatments, USRS only supplemented N while UTRS in addition to utilization N, increased the digestibility of structural carbohydrates. Reduction in treatment time from 21 days to 1 day (UWRS) resulted in improvements similar to those of UTRS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.441-453
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• 2019

Organic farming is considered an effective form of sustainable agricultural management. However, understanding of soil microbial diversity and composition under long-term organic and conventional farming is still limited and controversial. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq platform was applied to investigate the responses of soil bacterial and fungal diversity and compositions to organic farming (OF) and improved conventional farming (CF, applied straw retention) in the rice-wheat rotation system. The results highlighted that the alpha diversity of microbial communities did not differ significantly, except for higher bacterial diversity under OF. However, there were significant differences in the compositions of the soil bacterial and fungal communities between organic and conventional farming. Under our experimental conditions, through the ecological functional analysis of significant different or unique bacterial and fungal taxonomic members at the phyla and genus level, OF enhanced nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and carbon dynamic cycling in soil with the presence of Nodosilinea, Nitrospira, LCP-6, HB118, Lyngbya, GOUTA19, Mesorhizobium, Sandaracinobacter, Syntrophobacter and Sphingosinicella, and has the potential to strengthen soil metabolic ability with Novosphingobium. On the other hand, CF increased the intensity of nitrogen cycling with Ardenscatena, KD1-23, Iamia, Nitrosovibrio and Devosia, but enriched several pathogen fungal members, including Coniochaeta, Corallomycetella, Cyclaneusma, Cystostereum, Fistulina, Curvularia and Dissoconium.