• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.373-382
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• 2004

Large sized buildings have proliferated in the modern world in order to solve problems caused by the growth of cities, and this trend has lead to diversity in style and utilization of interiors. In particular, wayfinding within the shopping mall for a customer is a common problem, so if customers do not have to face these navigational problems and could find the way more easily, then shopping mall or the store can expect much better profits. Therefore, directional sign system that can provide accurate and speedy information for customers with diversified ages, gender and knowledge is necessary. Firstly, the definition and element of all directional sign are analyzed through the existing literature survey. The elements are based on the practical elements and six categories such as type, pictogram, color, layout, form, and location were considered. Secondly, directional signs in large underground shopping mall was considered, and the speciality of the underground shopping mall was investigated, and finally top three underground shopping malls was analyzed. Thirdly, through the questionnaire, an objective appraisal of directional signs and problems was developed, and following possible improvement was suggested. This study has its own limitations since it is only applicable to the specific locations, however, directional designs will be useful in other types of buildings as well. Through the continuous studies of the users' psychology, these kinds of studies will be related to the environmental characteristics of various places.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.72
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• pp.365-400
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• 2018

The signs of $G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}$(干支: the sexagesimal calendar system) almanac, which marked each year, month, day and time with 60 ordinal number marks made by combining 10 $Ti{\bar{a}}ng{\bar{a}}ns$(天干: the decimal notation to mark date) and 12 $D{\grave{i}}zh{\bar{i}}s$(地支 : the duodecimal notation to mark date), were used not only as the sign of the factors affecting the occurrence of a disease and treatment in the area of traditional oriental medicine, but also as the indicator of prejudging fortunes in different areas of future prediction techniques.(for instance, astrology, the theory of divination based on topography, four pillars of destiny and etc.) While theories of many future predictive technologies with this $G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}$(干支) almanac signs as the standard had been established in many ways by Han dynasty, it is difficult to find almanac discussion later on the fundamental theory of 'how it works like that'. As for the method to mark the era of $Ti{\bar{a}}nt{\check{i}}l{\grave{i}}$(天體曆: a calendar made with the sidereal period of Jupiter and the Sun), which determines the name of a year depending on where $Su{\grave{i}}x{\bar{i}}ng$(歲星: Jupiter) is among the '12 positions of zodiac', there are three main ways of $$Su{\grave{i}}x{\bar{i}}ng-J{\grave{i}}ni{\acute{a}}nf{\check{a}}$$(歲星紀年法: the way to mark an era by the location of Jupiter on the celestial sphere), $$T{\grave{a}}isu{\grave{i}}-J{\grave{i}}ni{\acute{a}}nf{\check{a}}$$ (太歲紀年法: the way to mark an era by the location facing the location of Jupiter on the celestial sphere) and $$G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}-J{\grave{i}}ni{\acute{a}}nf{\check{a}}$$(干支紀年法: the way to mark an era with Ganzhi marks). Regarding $$G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}-J{\grave{i}}ni{\acute{a}}nf{\check{a}}$$(干支紀年法), which is actually the same way to mark an era as $$T{\grave{a}}isu{\grave{i}}-J{\grave{i}}ni{\acute{a}}nf{\check{a}}$$(太歲紀年法) with the only difference in the name, there are more than three ways, and one of them has continued to be used in China, Korea and so on since Han dynasty. The name of year of $G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}$(干支) this year, 2018, has become $W{\grave{u}}-X{\bar{u}}$(戊戌) just by 'accident'. Therefore, in this discussion, the need to realize this situation was emphasized in different areas of traditional techniques of future prediction in which distinct theories have been established with the $G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}$(干支) mark of year, month, day and time. Because of the 1 sidereal period of Jupiter, which is a little bit shorter than 12 years, once about one thousand years, 'the location of Jupiter on the zodiac' and 'the name of a year of 12 $D{\grave{i}}zh{\bar{i}}s$(地支) marks' accord with each other just for about 85 years, and it has been verified that recent dozens of years are the very period. In addition, appropriate methods of observing the the twenty-eight lunar mansions were elucidated. As $G{\bar{a}}nzh{\bar{i}}$(干支) almanac is related to the theoretical foundation of traditional medical practice as well as various techniques of future prediction, in-depth study on the fundamental theory of ancient $Ti{\bar{a}}nt{\check{i}}l{\grave{i}}$(天體曆) cannot be neglected for the succession and development of traditional oriental study and culture, too.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

Purpose: In Korea, most abdominal penetrating wounds are caused by stab wounds rather than gun-shot wounds. However, not many studies have been performed on stab injuries and their epidemiologic characteristics. Disagreements of opinions of obligatory surgical exploration and conservative treatment exist, and this subject is still being debated. Therefore, the authors studied the epidemiologic characteristics of abdominal stab wound patients visiting the emergency department and reviewed the proportion of patients that received nontherapeutic surgery and conservative treatment. Methods: This study included patients visiting the emergency department with abdominal stab wounds. A retrospective chart review was done on the abdominal stab wound patients. Sex, age, cause of injury, location of wound, initial vital signs, operation results, injured organs and CT & LWE results were reviewed. Results: The median age of the 121 patients was 40.9 years, of these patients, 88 were males, of which 52 (43.0%) were drunken. Of the patients that received non-therapeutic operations, only 3 patients (15.0%) were drunken, significantly lower than the therapeutic operation group. For the location of the wound, most patients were injured in the right and left upper quadrants, 27 patients each. The most common injured organ was the small bowel; 13 patients were injured in the small bowel. With abdominal CT scans and local wound explorations together, the results exhibited a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 44%, a positive predictive value of 56%, and a negative predictive value of 95%. Conclusion: In our study, the sensitivity was 97% when CT & LWE were performed together; thus we can conclude that CT and LWE can be used together to select the treatment method. Although in our study, the surgical indications in abdominal stab wound patients is not sufficient, our results showed a higher rate of nontherapeutic surgery compared to previous studies. Therefore, more research is needed to prevent unnecessary laparotomies in hemodynamically-stable patients without symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.212-219
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze 11 cases of subcutaneous emphysema associated with dental procedures from a single hospital and discuss approaches for accurate diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 11 patients who were treated for subcutaneous emphysema related to dental procedures between January 2009 and April 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with subcutaneous emphysema within the facial area or that spread to the neck and beyond, including the facial region, were assigned to two groups and compared in terms of age, sex, and durations of antibiotic use, hospitalization, and follow-up until improvement. The correlation between location of the origin tooth and range of emphysema spread was analyzed. Results: The average durations of antibiotic use during conservative treatment and follow-up until improvement were 8.55 days (standard deviation [SD], 4.46 days) and 1.82 weeks (SD, 1.19 weeks), respectively. There was no intergroup difference in duration of antibiotic use (P=0.329) or followup (P=0.931). Subcutaneous emphysema was more common after dental procedures involving the maxilla or posterior region than after those involving the mandible or anterior region. There was no significant difference in air distribution according to location of the air orifice (maxilla, mandible, or both; P=0.106). Conclusion: Upon adequate conservative treatment accompanied by prophylactic antibiotic treatment considering the risk of infection, patients showed signs of improvement within a few days or weeks. There was no significant difference in treatment period between patients with subcutaneous emphysema localized to the facial region and those with subcutaneous emphysema spreading to the neck or beyond. These findings need to be confirmed by analysis of additional cases.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate true hinge axis location with different times (8:00-9:00 A.M.,2:00-3:00 P.M.) and with experienced and inexperienced groups. 25 subjects, 23-27 years of age , with functionally acceptable occlusion, and no clinical signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction were participated in this study. In this study arbitrary hinge axis point was located 13 mm anterior to the posterior margin of the tragus on a line from the center of the tragus to the outer canthus of the eye and then the true hinge axis point was located with T.M.J. hinge axis locator. The discrepancies of distance and the direction between true hinge axis point and arbitrary hinge axis point were studied according to times and two groups. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The mean distance from arbitrary hinge axis point to the true hinge axis point on the right and left sides was as follows : Experienced group: linear distance: $1.228{\pm}3.145mm$, vertical distance: $-1.128{\pm}2.515mm$, horizontal distance: $-0.484{\pm}1.806mm$. Inexperience group: linear distance: $1.628{\pm}3.158mm$, vertical distance: $-1.169{\pm}2.090mm$, horizontal distance: $-1.133{\pm}2.367mm$. Horizontal distance between experienced and inexperienced groups was significant statistically. (P<0.1) 2. True hinge axis points located within 5 mm of arbitrary hinge axis point were 86.7% in the experienced group and 84% in the inexperienced group. 3. For experienced operator A with time, the mean distance from arbitrary hinge axis point to true hinge axis point was as follows: Horizontal distance: AM: $-0.613{\pm}1.966mm$, PM: $-0.860{\pm}2.156mm$. Vertical distance: AM: $-0.886{\pm}2.518mm$, PM : $-1.226{\pm}2.660mm$. True hinge axis points had tendency to be located posterior-inferiorly to tragus-canthus line in the afternoon than in the morning, but there was not significant statistically. (P>0.1)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.129-141
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• 2019

In recent years, fast growing cities in Korea are showing signs of being vulnerable to more disasters as their population and facilities increase and intensify. In particular, fire is one of the most common disasters in Korea's cities, along with traffic accidents. Therefore, in this study, we analyze what type of factors affect the fire that threatens urban people. Fire data were acquired for 10 years, from 2007 to 2017, in Jinju, Korea. Spatial distribution pattern of fire occurrence in Jinju was assessed through the spatial autocorrelation analysis. First, spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to grasp the spatial distribution pattern of fire occurrence in Jinju city. In addition, correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to confirm spatial dependency and abnormality among factors. Based on this, OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression analysis was performed using space weighting considering fire location and spatial location of each facility. As a result, First, LISA (Local Indicator of Spatial Association) analysis of the occurrence of fire in Jinju shows that the most central commercial area are fire department, industrial area, and residential area. Second, the OLS regression model was analyzed by applying spatial weighting, focusing on the most derived factors of multiple regression analysis, by integrating population and social variables and physical variables. As a result, the second kind of neighborhood living facility showed the highest correlation with the fire occurrence, followed by the following in the order of single house, sales facility, first type of neighborhood living facility, and number of households. The results of this study are expected to be useful for analyzing the fire occurrence factors of each facility in urban areas and establishing fire safety measures.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.339-344
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• 2013

With the increasing number of chronic disease patients, the importance of everyday health care has grown more significant. The study researchers expected it would help for patients' health improvement and healthcare service expansion if users check their vital signs in their daily lives and send the results to a medical center's servers through a specific device automatically. This thesis, in line with this idea, seeks to develop a portable healthcare gateway. The gateway is designed in a USB type and can transmit standardized data, operating regardless of a user's location and Personal Healthcare Devices (PHDs). The developed portable healthcare gateway provides effective services in ubiquitous environments to customers, which will improve the health of chronic patients.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2002

Objectives: Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is a frequently recurring disease when treated with chemotherapy alone without enough surgical removal of the tuberculous lesions. Authors reviewed retrospectively the treatment result of antituberculous chemotherapy following almost complete surgical removal of tuberculous foci in the neck. Materials and Methods: A retrospective clinical review and analysis was made in 127 cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis patients treated during the past 10 years from 1989 to 1998 at the Department of General Surgery, Inje University Paik Hospital, Pusan. Results: 1) The peak age incidence was the 2nd decade(37.8%), and female was predominated over male by 2.3:1. 2) The time interval from the onset of symptoms to the first visit was less than 3 months in 60.6% of the patient. 3) The location of lymphadenitis was the right neck in 60%, the left neck 34%, and bilateral in 6% of the patient. 4) Signs on the first visit showed solitary masses(60%), abscess(25%) and both mixed(15%). 5) 25 patients(19%) had present or past history of tuberculosis; pulmonary tuberculosis 12 patients, tuberculous lymphadenitis 10 patients, and others 3 patients. 6) Locations of tuberculous lymphadenitis were posterior cervical triangle 70, supraclavicular 51, submandibular 19, anterior triangle 16 and others 4 cases. 7) The principle of treatment of cervical lymphadenitis was surgical management followed by chemotherapy. Surgical procedures were excision(s), curettage and drainage of abscess, combination of both, and biopsy in 60%, 22%, 12% and 6% respectively. Mean duration of antituberculous medication was 9 months after surgery. 8) The rate of recurrent and persistent tuberculous lymphadenitis was 9% in 4 years follow up. Conclusion: Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is a frequently recurring disease in young adult when only antituberculous chemotherapy was employed without almost complete removal of the lesions. It is considered that antituberculous medications for 6-9 months after removing the foci at a maximal extent by surgical excision and curettage will reduce the recurrence rate or persistence of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2008

Variable Message Signs (VMS) is one of the major components for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) services that provides real-time traffic and incident information to drivers. The objective of this research was to develop a method determining the optimal location of VMS considering safety and driving characteristics of various drivers. A driving simulator was utilized to evaluate how drivers can safely exit to off-ramp depending on various VMS locations while information relating route diversion was provided. The binary logistic regression and factor analysis were applied in developing a probability model that predicts the success of safe off-ramp exiting. Based on the developed probability model, a method to estimate the spacing between VMS and off-ramp is suggested. It is expected that the products of this study would be utilized as a tool in determining VMS locations for ITS planners and designers.

• Archives of design research
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• no.18
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• pp.153-162
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• 1996

underground space have many negative environmental clements which should be confirmed on location and line of action by the artificial signs. iccordingly, environmental graphics as visual language for popular signification-function have to be studied on sign theory of symbolic meanings. Ho\/ever, its usage has not only decorated by microscopiC appreciative eye but also lost its meanlllg as a visual language which was caused by the negligence of systematic management of the facility in charge Result of study, Visual environmental factors as a cause of behavioral attitude based on the study, which has been carefully considered as a communication of the visual language. Therefore, considering the underground environmental graphics as the: sign or the signification-function, It has to be studied on syntactic, semantic and pragmatic viewpoint. SpeCifically, to maKe the color and formation language a signification-function as a generalized connotation to the public, a distinctive classified Visual language must be applied.