• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2014

The post-war period has witnessed the emergence of new towns in a number of countries in Southeast Asia. New town development started in Malaysia with Petaling Jaya as a satellite town in 1953 to accommodate the rapid growing population of Kuala Lumpur. New towns have been designed in accordance with the British town planning principles, based on the modern ideal city. Nonetheless, they have constituted a regional character as they have incorporated local factors such as local technologies as well as site and climatic conditions. In the shaping of the new towns in modern cities, regulatory aspects have played important roles. The regulations decide the basic framework for planning of new town, block plan and unit plan. The ultimate goal of this study is to understand the identity of the new town planning of Malaysia. As a first step, we reviewed the local regulations, standards, and design guidelines which are applicable to the new town planning from the national land use to local plans. As a result, we categorized the guidelines into four areas: urban space, site plan, street system, block plan and unit plan. We expect this study to provide the framework of the Malaysia's new town planning from the perspective of the local regulations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.97-107
• /
• 2010

This study outlines a successful and effective plan for repairing water-leakage cracks in concrete structures. The lack of adequate solutions for water-leakage cracks often results in unnecessarily high repair costs, and as such this remains a problem that requires constant attention. Unfortunately, despite the availability of a vast number of different materials and methods, it is often difficult to attain a perfect waterproof sealing The reason for the difficulties in the repair of water-leakage cracks can be attributed to an insufficient knowledge and understanding of the negative factors (i.e., chemical and physical (mechanical) conditions) that cause water-leakage cracks, and of the properties of the repair materials and methods. In this study, guidelines and methods for the selection of adequate materials for the repair of water-leakage cracks in concrete structures were developed for countries that do not already have general guidelines on this subject, and for local regulatory authorities elsewhere.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.11
• /
• pp.3975-3984
• /
• 2022

Distributed control system architecture is adopted for I&C systems of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, where the geographically distributed control systems are connected to centralized servers & display stations via switched Ethernet networks. TCP/IP communication plays a significant role in the successful operations of this architecture. The communication tasks at control nodes are taken care by TCP/IP offload modules; local area switched network is realized using layer-2/3 switches, which are finally connected to network interfaces of centralized servers & display stations. Safety, security, reliability, and fault tolerance of control systems used for safety-related applications of nuclear power plants is ensured by indigenous design and qualification as per guidelines laid down by regulatory authorities. In the case of commercially available components, appropriate suitability analysis is required for getting the operation clearances from regulatory authorities. This paper details the proposed approach for the suitability analysis of TCP/IP communication nodes, including control systems at the field, network switches, and servers/display stations. Development of test platform using commercially available tools and diagnostics software engineered for control nodes/display stations are described. Each TCP link behavior with impaired packets and multiple traffic loads is described, followed by benchmarking of the network switch's routing characteristics and security features.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2019

Safety-related cabinets and their electrical parts, such as relays and switches in nuclear power plants, should maintain continuous functioning, as well as structural safety according to the nuclear regulatory guidelines. Generally, an electrical part is qualified if its functioning is maintained without abnormality during excitement by motion compatible with the test response spectrum, which is larger than its in-cabinet response spectrum (ICRS). ICRS can be determined by shake-table test or dynamic analysis. Since existing cabinets in use can hardly be stopped and moved, dynamic analysis is preferred over shake-table test in determining ICRS. The simple method, suggested by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to determine ICRS, yields conservative or non-conservative results from time to time. In order to determine that the ICRS is better than EPRI method in a simple way, Ritz method considering global and local plate behaviors was suggested by Gupta et al. In this paper, the Ritz method is modified in order to consider the rocking and frame behaviors simultaneously, and it is applied to a simple numerical example for verification. ICRS is determined by Ritz method and compared with the results by finite element method (FEM). Based on this numerical example, recommendations for using Ritz method are suggested.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-38
• /
• 2021

The paper examines the role of the informal sector on innovation activities of urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. It provides empirical evidence on firm-level linkages between formal and informal sectors by using the World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2013-14 and the Innovation Follow-up survey, 2014. Primarily, the paper aims to examine the effect of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. Secondly, the paper analyses the mediation effect of informal sector competition on innovations in the urban manufacturing enterprises. It determines the direct and indirect influence of business regulations and constraints on innovation outcomes through the mediation effect of informal sector competition by using the SEM "Structural Equation Modeling" guidelines. The econometric results show that informal sector competition has a negative effect on the introduction of product innovations while industry-level informal sector competition has a positive effect on product innovation through the local knowledge spillovers from the informal to the formal sector. However, the informal sector competition was found to have no significant effect on the probability of introducing process innovations. Further, the results show the inhibitive role of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises is more severe for firms with heavy regulatory burdens and is relatively weakened in firms with resource constraints. This suggests that the informal sector plays an important role in the NIS (National Innovation System) in India.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.7-16
• /
• 2012

Despite the enforcement of SSM control laws such as 'the Law of Developing the Distribution Industry (LDDI)' and 'the Law of Promoting Mutual Cooperation between Large and Small/medium Enterprises (LPMC)' stipulating the business adjustment system, the number of super-supermarkets (SSMs) has ever been expanding in Korea. In France, however, Super Centers are being regulated most strongly and directly in the whole Europe viewing that there is not a single SSM in Paris, which is emphasized to be the outcome from French government's regulation exerted on the opening of large scale retail stores. In France, the authority to approve store opening is deeply centralized and the store opening regulation is a socio-economic regulation driven by economic laws whereas EU strongly regulates the distribution industry. To control the French distribution industry, such seven laws and regulations as Commission départementale d'urbanisme commercial guidelines (CDLIC) (1969), the Royer Law (1973), the Doubin Law (1990), the Sapin Law (1993), the Raffarin Law (1996), solidarite et renouvellement urbains (SRU) (2000), and Loi de modernisation de l'économie (LME) (2009) have been promulgated one by one since the amendment of the Fontanet guidelines, through which commercial adjustment laws and regulations have been complemented and reinforced while regulatory measures have been taken. Even in the course of forming such strong regulatory laws, InterMarche, the largest supermarket chain in France, has been in existence as a global enterprise specialized in retail distribution with over 4,000 stores in Europe. InterMarche's business can be divided largely into two segments of food and non-food. As a supermarket chain, InterMarche's food segment has 2,300 stores in Europe and as a hard-discounter store chain in France, Netto has 420 stores. Restaumarch is a chain of traditional family restaurants and the steak house restaurant chain of Poivre Rouge has 4 restaurants currently. In addition, there are others like Ecomarche which is a supermarket chain for small and medium cities. In the non-food segment, the DIY and gardening chain of Bricomarche has a total of 620 stores in Europe. And the car-related chain of Roady has a total of 158 stores in Europe. There is the clothing chain of Veti as well. In view of InterMarche's management strategies, since its distribution strategy is to sell goods at cheap prices, buying goods cheap only is not enough. In other words, in order to sell goods cheap, it is all important to buy goods cheap, manage them cheap, systemize them cheap, and transport them cheap. In quality assurance, InterMarche has guaranteed the purchase safety for consumers by providing its own private brand products. InterMarche has 90 private brands of its own, thus being the retailer with the largest number of distributor brands in France. In view of its IT service strategy, InterMarche is utilizing a high performance IT system so as to obtainas much of the market information as possible and also to find out the best locations for opening stores. In its global expansion strategy of international alliance, InterMarche has established the ALDIS group together with the distribution enterprises of both Spain and Germany in order to expand its food purchase, whereas in the non-food segment, it has established the ARENA group in alliance with 11 international distribution enterprises. Such strategies of InterMarche have been intended to find out the consumer needs for both price and quality of goods and to secure the purchase and supply networks which are closely localized. It is necessary to cope promptly with the constantly changing circumstances through being unified with relevant regions and by providing diversified customer services as well. In view of the InterMarche's positive policy for promoting local partnerships as well as the assistance for enhancing the local economic structure, implications are existing for those retail distributors of our country.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.3-25
• /
• 2011

Recently, a number of local governments as well as private organizations have spearheaded the release of animals into the natural ecosystem in Korea. In 2002, most of these animals released were mammals and birds, but the parameter was gradually expanded to include fish, amphibians, and invertebrates in addition to mammals and birds in 2007, with an increased overall number of animals released. Such increase has not only posed ecological, economic, and public health risks, but also yielded an increase in damages incurred by releasing animals historically or ecologically alien to a given region without thorough risk assessment. The most significant cause of such risks was a critical lack of risk management and regulatory schemes addressing the release of animals into the natural ecosystem. In stark contrast, developed countries long before established the requisite risk management and regulatory schemes either by complying with the IUCN/SSC's Guidelines for Re-Introductions or devising them independently. In this context, the current study has examined the release of animals into the natural ecosystem in Korea and, based on the investigation, asserted a strong need for proper risk management. Moreover, the study has presented systematic risk management and regulatory schemes suitable for the Korean milieu based on a comparative analysis of those employed in developed countries.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.106-119
• /
• 2024

Drug shortage is a persistent phenomenon that poses a public health risk worldwide and occurs due to a range of causes. The purpose of this study is to review key policies to prepare for and respond to drug shortages in selected countries, such as the United States, Canada, and some European countries in order to draw implications. This study reviewed the reports and articles derived from search engines and Google Scholar by using keywords such as drug shortage and stock-out. Over the last decade or so, the United States have strengthened requirements on advance notification for disruption and interruption of drug manufacturing, established the Inter-agency Drug Shortages Task Force to promote the communication and coordination of responses, and expedited drug regulatory processes. Similarly, Canada established the Multi-Stakeholder Steering Committee on drug shortages by involving representatives from central and local governments and private sectors. Canada also adopted a tiered approach to the communication of drug shortages based on the assessment of the severity of the shortage problem and released a detailed information guide on communication. In 2019, the joint task force between the European Medicines Agency and the Heads of Medicines Agencies issued guidelines on drug shortage communication in the European Economic Area. The countries reviewed in this paper focus on communication across different stakeholders for the monitoring of and timely response to drug shortages. The efforts to protect public health from the negative impact of the drug shortage crisis would require multi-sectorial and multi-governmental coordination and development of guidelines.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.423-432
• /
• 2008

The local migration or movement behavior of fishes in streams are related to feeding, spawning, growing, dispersing, and refuging. The pale chub (Zacco platypus) is a dominant species that migrates locally and inhabits in river and stream in Korea. However, dams, weirs, culverts and other regulatory structures are physical barriers that limit fish movement and fragment habits and populations. If main stream and off-channel habitats are connected with culverts, they would restrict the small fish as pale chub movement due to the high flow velocities and low depths. But in Korea, there is no experimental study to evaluate the swimming performance of species in Korea. Therefore, it is difficult to proposed that design guidelines for pass fishes through culverts. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the swimming performance of pale chubs. A series of swimming performance test has been used in both of the fixed velocity and the incremental velocity methods in an experimental flume. As a result, the critical swimming speed for pale chub(body length 8.9 cm) was found to be about 0.7 m/s. Therefore, the flow velocity for culvert design in the low flow condition should not be exceed the its swimming ability, especially 0.7 m/s for pale chubs(body length 8.9 cm). And the minimum depth for culvert design in the low flow condition should not be lower than the fish body height add a dorsal fin height.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.163-175
• /
• 2015

In this paper, soil erosion and soil loss management system (SMS) of the City of Calgary in Albert, Canada was reviewed. Regulatory basis supporting this soil management system, permit process and conditions, guidelines and principles for the SMS, and monitoring and repair duties, inspection were discussed. Permit process in the City of Calgary is handled mainly by Urban Development Division, in which special task force called CPAG (Coorporative Planning Application Group) (if necessary circulated through related subdivisions). Inspects all the permit conditions and decides permit or refusal, and LUM (Land Use and Mobility) advertises the approval, if there is no appeals, permit is released to developers. If permit is rejected, applicant can appeals Development Appeal Board, it can approve or reject. In addition to permit, the city has manual for soil management plan, which includes BMP selection, design, monitoring, maintenance, and inspection activities. Perfect SMS policy does not necessarily guarantee relieving the soil-particle related pollution problem, but in Korea, we have to recognize that construction works during development is potentially the most destructive stage of environmental pollution. The central and local governments must make preparations for the effective and tight regulations and ordinance which is appropriate for regional social-economic conditions.