• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.81-93
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• 2009

This study has focused 302 environmental ordinances enacted from 1974 to 2008 by 16 upper-local governments (7 deignated cities and 9 provinces) and the relationships between them and the development of the Korean local autonomy system. The ordinances have been categorized into three types, the voluntary ones without any obligatory stipulations in laws, the optional ones based on laws, and the law based obligatory ones, which have been examined the enactment years and the contents of them. The local ordinances have been enacted in four periods with a few characteristics, which are "the pre-local-autonomy period (1974-1991)", "the introductory-local-autonomy period (1991-1995)", "the local-autonomy-developing period (1995-1999)", and "the mature-local-autonomy period (after 2000)", along the local autonomy development. 57 ordinances were enacted in the first period, 20 enacted in the second period, 46 enacted in the third period and 179 ordinances in the fourth period. The obligatory ordinances were the most in the first period and in the second period, while the voluntary ordinances were enacted most in the third period. 7 designated cities have pretty more ordinances, 160 in all, than 9 provinces, 142. The tendency to enact earlier in the metropolitan area, SeoulCity, IncheonCity and Gyeonggi province, than the others can be seen. It can be said that the establishment of the local autonomy in Korea had accelerated the development of the local environmental management.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-67
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• 1991

Local autonomy of Korea's lower-level local council has been reinstated following elections last March for the first time in thirty years. Last June, we had elections for the upper-level local council. Mayors, governors, and administrative chiefs of cities, provinces and other local government bodies are slated for elections in the first half of next year. The impacts of local autonomy are taking effect in not only the political sphere, but also the administrative and economic spheres. In fact, it seems that some modification of all economic policy making and administration is inevitable. Since the initiation of local autonomy, in order to make the economy work more efficiently, it has become quite important to examine the impact of local autonomy on the national economy. The areas of local autonomy include independent legislative power, administrative power, organizational power, and most important of all, the independent public financial power of the local governments. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of local autonomy on the national economy and ways of enhancing the role of local public finance to facilitate settlement and development of the local autonomy system. Local autonomy will contribute to the continuous growth of our economy, allow balanced development, and generate greater efficiency. However, local autonomy can also incur economic costs causing at times short-term price instability, inefficient resource allocation, through tax competition and tax exporting, and insolvency of local government due to abusive fiscal operation. To reduce these side effects, different alternatives must be considered. Local autonomy systems generally provide more efficient resource allocation than centralization. But in the model used in Chapter 3 of this paper, the relative efficiencies of both local autonomy and centralization are determined by comparing the elasticity of substitution between national public goods and local public goods. If the elasticity of substitution is bigger than one, centralization provides a more efficient resource allocation. The development of local autonomy could be attained through democratization of the local public finance system including the following three propositions. I) The independence of public financial power of local governments should be established over central government. Furthermore, a democratically operated scheme of intergovernmental fiscal coordination is especially necessary. 2) In the operation of local finance, direct democracy is needed to induce the voluntary participation of local residents. The residents can take part in planning both the local budget and the development of the community. To attain this goal, all the results of local finance operations should be made public. 3) Among economic ill-effects of the local autonomy system, the most serious one is the possibility of insolvency of local governments. Therefore, measures to limit abusive spending by the local governments should be introduced, such as the fiscal restraints system adopted in the United States.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

Since about 2000. local government has started making ordinance related to the rural development planning which is revitalizing rural area through using rural resource. But, the ordinance of local government have not any contents relating to the land use planning system that is necessary in rural development planning. According to the present local autonomy act, ordinance can not have any regulations restricting basic human right without being allowed by law. In recent, central government is considering to hand power making land use planning system over local government. This paper is to study how to expand the legislative power of local government. This study discussed on logical bases through examining disputes on legal theories, the nature of local ordinance, range of local autonomy affairs and cases of local ordinance.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

The measures to extend local education autonomy are as follows: First, it is necessary to correct the confusion of the legal system of the local education autonomy system. For this, Article 12, Paragraph 2 and 4 of the 「Special Act on Local Autonomy and Decentralization, and Restructuring of Local Administrative Systems」 which state that "The State shall endeavor to consolidate systems for autonomy in education and local government" and "The implementation of autonomy in education and the autonomous police system shall be prescribed separately by Acts" should be deleted. Second, it is necessary to clarify unnecessary legal matters and regulatory measures for unification at the national level and to proactively consider the introduction of the legal trust system, in which education affairs are designated as local governments' own work and the state carries out specific affairs. The decentralization of local education finance is a key factor for the development of local education autonomy, and it requires the transfer of authority and resources to the region, and the enhancement of local autonomy and corresponding responsibility. First, the ratio of special grants must be adjusted further (from 3% to 2%) or the ratio of national policy projects must be lowered. Second, the provision that requires a consultation with a mayor/governor when making a budget covered by transfers from general accounts should be deleted. Third, it is necessary to remove the elements that limit the authority of city and provincial councils. Fourth, it is necessary to integrate the national education tax and the local education tax to create the education autonomy tax (tentative name) for only one independent purpose. Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the distribution of the total amount of grants and abolish the settlement regulations for the measurement items of standard financial demand. Sixth is the expansion of the participation of stakeholders and experts in the grant distribution process. Seventh, it is necessary to establish a long-term employment system by designating the education finance field as a special field. Eight is the expansion of cooperative governance.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.149-171
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• 2005

In Korea, local autonomy police has been discussed several times since Liberation in terms of expanding the democracy of police, but this suggestion has not been pursued. However under the incumbent government, the local policing system will be fully implements from 2006, and the government says that it aims to introduce 'model management' from October this year. The model of local policing now in force is based on the national police and local police forces organized in parallel within local government autorities (cities, counties and districts). The heads of local autorities have the power to appoint local police. Of these, local authorities can use public servants working for the national police for 'special purposes'. The research questions for this study were to what extent public servants working for the national police in these circumstances can desire local autonomy police, and what factors influenced their decision to desire in local autonomy police. After analyzing the results of a survey of police officers, the study found that public servants working for the national police did not have great expectations of desire in local autonomy police. The factors that influenced the decision to desire in local autonomy police were the hope that remuneration would be good, and the hope that the atmosphere within the police force would become less bureaucratic and more democratic than the current system. The study also found that the hopes that promotions and working conditions would improve and that police would be treated better in society did not influence the decision of public servants working for the national police to desire in local autonomy police.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2023

The U.S. education policy making and execution process, in which residents can directly participate as members of state or local boards of education, without entrusting a small number of experts to decide on issues of sharply intertwined political interests, can be presumed that it played a role in preventing conflicts and disputes that may arise due to differences of opinion or differences in the interpretation of laws and regulations between subjects. Such a consensus system in the United States suggests a supplementary point to the local education administration system in Korea, where conflicts between various educational entities are occurring because of the current excessive dependence on one superintendent of education.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-69
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• 2009

This paper studies the logic of fiscal constraints and fiscal autonomy in a political agency model with both moral hazard and adverse selection. The electoral process not only disciplines incumbents who may act against the public interest but also opts in politicians who are most likely to act along voters' interests. We characterize perfect Bayesian equilibria under shared tax system and fiscal autonomy with fiscal constraints for local public good provision. It is shown that the local voters' expected welfare under fiscal autonomy is higher than under shared tax system if the same fiscal constraints are applied. In order to examine the effects of party's candidate selection processes on the behavior of local politician and national politician, we extend the model to an environment where local politician can compete for the candidacy of national assembly with incumbent national politician. If local politician wins majority of votes against incumbent national politician, then he can move on to serve as a national politician. Otherwise, his political career will end as a local politician. It is the gist of this primary system portrayed by this setup that local politician and national politician compete to garner more votes. Therefore, primary system as a candidate selection mechanism enhances local residents' welfare compared to top-down candidate selection processes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

Article 117, Paragraph 1 of the 「Constitution」 states that "Local governments may enact provisions relating to local autonomy, within the limit of Acts and subordinate statutes". It restricts the enactment of effective self-government laws. The fundamental problem-solving is securing the right to self-governing legislation through constitutional amendment. Therefore, it must be revised to "Local governments can make regulations on self-government to the extent that they handle resident welfare affairs in accordance with the subsidiarity and do not violate the law." In the long-term perspective, the current education council problem, which is contrary to the constitution, has to be revived as a constitutional independent education committee system, and the voting agency and the executive agency must go together and education councilors must have about 10 years of experience in education and education administration. The current superintendent's election system is of great significance in establishing democratic legitimacy by ensuring residents' right to vote and securing a superintendent's representation of residents. It hasn't been long since the system was implemented, but there are some side effects and it is argued that the election system should be replaced by the appointment by the head of the local government, the running mate system or the joint registration system. However it is thought that it is necessary to minimize and supplement the side effects rather than fixing the system as it violates the Constitution of the local education autonomy system.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.07b
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• pp.735-738
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• 2000

The most important issue in database security is correct concurrency control under the restrictive security policy. The goal of secure transaction management is to keep security and provide many concurrent users with the high availability of database. In this paper, we consider the security environment of multidatabase system with replicated data. The read-from relationship in the existed serializability is improper in security environment. So, we define new read-from relationship and propose new secure 1-copy quasi-seriailzability by utilizing this relationship and display some examples. This security environment requires both the existed local autonomy and the security autonomy as newly defined restriction. To solve covert channel problem is the most difficult issue in developing secure scheduling scheme. The proposed secure 1-copy quasi-serializability is very proper for global transactions in that this serializability not violates security autonomy and prevents covert channel between global transactions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2003

This research attempts to describe and explain the development of Korean environmental movement. It finds that the emergence of Korean environmental movement was constrained by the authoritarian nature of Korean politics. In 1970s, environmental movements were primitive and were not organized ones. With the wake of democratization in the 1980s, Korean environmental movement began to get some momentum. And in the 1990s, environmental movement to save clean water has achieved some success in certain areas. However, the emphasis on the growth of local economy in the age of local autonomy system has brought heavy degradation of local environment. The coming of the phenomena of Globalization and Cyber-Age has brought positive effects on Korean environmental movement.