• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 1998

Reynolds equation, which describes behavior of fluid film in journal bearings, basically satisfies mass conservation. But, boundary conditions usually used with this equation, e.g. half Sommerfeld or Reynolds boundary conditions, cannot fulfill this natural law of conservation. In the case of connecting rod bearing, where applied load is dynamic and its magnitude is relatively large, such unrealistic boundary conditions have serious influence on calculation results, especially on lubricant flow rate or power disspation which are important parameters in thermal analysis. In this paper, mass-conserving boundary condition was applied in the finite element analysis of connecting rod bearings. Lubricant flow rate and power dissipation rate were calculated together with journal center locus, minimum film thickness and maxmium film pressure. These computation results were compared with those of the case of Reynolds boundary condition. Balance between inlet and outlet flow rate was well achieved in the case of mass-conserving boundary condition.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제58권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of farming methods on mass balance from paddy rice. The experiment fields were established at Chunpo-myeon, Iksan-si in the Saemangeum watershed. Experiment was performed during the growing season to assess water and mass balances of the study field in 2013. The three different farming practices were applied: conventional (TR-A), drainage outlet heighten (TR-B) and slow release fertilizer use (TR-C). Drainage amount from TR-B was reduced by 28.5 % compared to the TR-A, while the amount from TR-C was similar to that of TR-A. Overall, nutrient concentration of paddy water were similar among the treatments except for T-P. Mean T-P concentration from TR-C was lower than that from TR-A (p-value<0.05). As the results of mass balance, TR-B appeared to reduce nutrient surface loss, substantially by 30.9 % and 40.8 % for T-N and T-P an compared to TR-A. TR-C treatment also demonstrated nutrient load reduction by 38.2 % and 40.1 % for T-N and T-P. The study results showed that water and fertilizer treatments are effective in surface load reduction respectively from paddy fields, and, long-term monitoring and evaluation is needed to confirm the reduction.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1988

상업용 발전소의 가동시, 출력 변화에 의해 1차 계통 보론 농도의 변화가 요구되었을 때 CVCS보충 시스템에서의 보충 유량이 연속 방정식과 질량 평형 방정식을 이용하여 측정된다. 이를 위하여, 1차 계통, 가압기, 그리고 volume control tank가 각각 질량과 보론 농도를 가진 control volume으로 그리고 1차측과 가압기, CVCS를 연결하는 파이프들이 시간 지연 요소로 모델화 되었다. 14-2-6-2 (출력변화 100-50-100) 부하 추종운전의 경우(7호기 EOL에서)를 이 모델을 이용하여 계산하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제55권6호
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutrient load balance in the reservoir irrigated paddy block during growing seasons. Idong reservoir irrigation paddy block of 10.3 ha in size was selected to collect hydrologic and water quality data. Irrigation, canal flows, and paddy field drainage were measured using a water level gauge, while water samples were collected and analysed for water quality. The water balance analysis showed that 81 % and 75 % of total outflow were through paddy and irrigation canal drainage during 2011 and 2012, respectively. The water quality of paddy field drainage varied greatly depending on rice cultivation stage ranging from 0.05 to 24.55 mg/L and from 0.01 to 0.76 mg/L for T-N and T-P, correspondently. Paddy field drainage loads during May through June account for 64 % and 76 % in 2012 and 2013, while 82 % and 81 % for T-P in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that rainfall was significantly correlated with nutrient loads during July through August due to runoff, and irrigation was related with nutrient loads of drainage during some period of July through September due to irrigation return flow. This study results showed characteristics of inflow and outflow nutrient loads from plentiful irrigated paddy block.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.40-49
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 경기도 고양시 소재 I 수질복원센터의 공정별 유량과 총인(TP) 농도를 활용하여 2015년도 기준 TP 물질수지도를 작성하고, 이를 분석하여 하수처리시설에서 인(P)을 회수할 수 있는 최적의 단위공정을 실증적으로 선정하고자 하였다. 인 회수공정의 도입 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 유량, TP농도, TP부하량 및 SS에 대한 정량적 지표를 제안하는 한편, 이를 I 수질복원센터에 적용하였다. 또한 I 수질복원센터의 탈수여액을 대상으로 인 회수공정의 도입 가능성에 대한 기초실험을 실시하였다. TP 물질수지를 분석한 결과, 하수처리장 유입수에 비해 유량은 1/16로 적지만 TP농도는 약 78배, TP부하량은 4.8배에 달하는 반류수 계통을 대상으로 인을 회수하는 것이 하수처리시설 전체의 TP부하를 저감하는데 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 반류수 계통의 단위공정들을 대상으로 본 연구에서 제안한 정량적 지표를 활용하여 인 회수공정의 도입 가능성을 상세히 평가한 결과, (잉여농축조 상징액+잉여저류조 월류수) 또는 탈수여액이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 한편, TP농도가 141.5 mg/L에 달하는 탈수여액을 대상으로 결정화에 의한 인 회수 기초실험을 실시하였다. 탈수여액의 pH를 10으로 조정한 후 칼슘이온($Ca^{2+}$)을 각각 250, 500, 1000 mg/L씩 주입하여 완속교반을 실시하였다. 기초실험 결과 탈수여액 중의 $PO_4-P$ 및 TP를 95% 이상 제거할 수 있는 것으로 나타나 인 회수공정의 도입 가능성이 확인되었다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 2000년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
• /
• pp.617-622
• /
• 2000

Concentration of pollutants and discharge were monitored regularly at paddy field area during irrigation periods. The amounts of irrigation water during irrigation water during irrigation periods in 1999 were 3690mm. The concentration of pollutants in ponded water are high during fertilizer application period. The ratio of discharge of direct runoff Q$\_$D/ to the total runoff is 9%. The ratios of the load of direct runoff L$\_$D/ to the total load L$\_$T/ are 6% for T-N, 16% for T-P and 16% for COD. It was found that the ratios of the concentration are 0.7 for T-N, 1.8 for T-P and 1.9 for COD. The unit load of T-N, T-P and COD during irrigation periods were 12.1kg/㏊, 0.42kg/㏊ and 85.7kg/㏊, respectively

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2012

This study aimed to analyze the effects of external load between male and female on angular velocity, moment, and absorbed energy of the lower-extremity joints during drop landing. The study subjects were 9 male($mass=70.82{\pm}4.64kg$, $height=1.71{\pm}0.04m$, $age=24.5{\pm}1.84years$), 9 female($mass=50.14{\pm}4.09kg$, $height=1.61{\pm}0.03m$, $age=23.6{\pm}2.62years$), without any serious musculoskeletal, coordination, balance, or joint/ligament problems for 1 year before the study. The angular velocity, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction moments, and absorbed energy of the lower-extremity joints were compared between the men and women during drop landing under 4 different conditions of external load(0%, 8%, 16%, and 24%) by using two-way repeated ANOVA(p < .05). The women landed with a greater peak angular velocity of the ankle joint, greater peak inversion moment, and lower peak hip-extension moment than the men did, under all 4 conditions. Additionally, the landing characteristics of the women were distinct from those of the men; the women showed a greater peak knee-adduction moment and greater absorbed energy of the knee joint. These differences indicate that anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) strain was greater in the women than in the men and therefore, women may be at a higher potential risk for noncontact injuries of the ACL with an increase in external load.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 2001년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
• /
• pp.390-393
• /
• 2001

Mass balance and unit load of pollutants were investigated at paddy field area during irrigation periods in 1999 and 2000. The amounts of irrigation water during irrigation periods were 3,690mm in 1999 and 3,160mm in 2000. The concentration of surface outflow is not so high as that of irrigation because 44% of irrigation water discharge without entering the paddy plots. The unit loads of pollutants during irrigation periods were estimated 19.2kg/ha for T-N, 0.29kg/ha for T-P and 47.5kg/ha for COD.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 1996

An one-zone heat release analysis was studied for a 6 cylinder direct injetction compressionignition engine. The heat transfer constants in this anlysis were calibrated to match the measured fuel energy at 1,000 rpm full load, which was the fuel mass multiplied by the fuel's heating value. The integrated gross heat release values were close to the measured fuel energy at various full load operating conditions. The combustion inefficiency from this calculation was proportional to the smoke of exhaust gas.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제56권5호
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2014

The objective of this research was to investigate concentration and load of nutrients such as total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) total phosphorous (TP), and phosphate phosphorous ($PO_4$-P) in a 23.4-ha paddy fields watershed with river water source. Water samples for irrigation water, drainage water, ponded water and groundwater were collected, and irrigation and drainage water were measured at 5~10 day intervals during normal days and at 2~6 hours intervals during three storm events. The amount of irrigation water in the study area was over 2,000 mm, which is almost identical to that in the area irrigated from a large reservoir but much more than that in the area irrigated from a pumping station. Mean flow-weighted concentrations of TN and TP in irrigation water were 2.8 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively, higher than those in the area irrigated from a large reservoir or a pumping station. The ratios of irrigation load to total inflow load for TN and TP were 88 %, and the ratios of surface outflow load to total outflow load for TN and TP were over 90 %, indicating that total nutrient load may be greatly affected by water management. The nutrient loads per area in the study area were estimated as TN 21.1 kg/ha and TP 1.1 kg/ha. Especially, the TP load per area in the study area was smaller than that in the area irrigated from a large reservoir or a pumping station. This may be because outflow load is not high likely due to sedimentation of particulate P and irrigation water load is high due to high TP concentration in irrigation water and high amount of irrigation water.