• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 2005

Objective: Stress is one of the most important etiological factors in our lives. Human body makes effort to keep his homeostasis from stress by using autonomic nerve system. So we need markers which can evaluate autonomic nerve system easily. HRV represents such markers. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve system are part of autonomic nerve system, related with cur body and diseases in ENT, Dermatology, Ophthalmology are also deeply related with stress, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve system. So we can expect that it can help understanding patients to evaluate autonomic nerve system with HRV Research Methods and Procedures: Forty one patients who have seif-recognized stress in Dept. of Oph & Otolaryngo & Dermatology were selected. SDNN. RMSSD, LF, HF, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnLF, LnHF were checked. Results: Men showed lower SDNN, HF, and LnHF than women(p<0.05). Age over-forty group showed significant lower SDNN, LF, HF, LnLF, LnH(p<0.01), and lower RMSSD(p<0.05) than age under-forty group. There's no big differences for age at norm-LF, norm-HF, and LF/HF ratio. Skin disease group showed higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LnLF, LNHF than the others, facial palsy group showed higher norm-HF. LF/HF ratio, and mouth-throat group showed higher norm-LF, but there's no statically significant difference. Comparing skin disease group with the others, the others showed statically significant low SDNN(P<0.01), RMSSD, LF, HF, LnLF and LnHF(P<0.05).

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Attempts have been made to recognize social emotion, including competition-cooperation, while designing interaction in work places. This study aimed to determine the cardiac response associated with classifying competition-cooperation of social emotion. Sixty students from Sangmyung University participated in the study and were asked to play a pattern game to experience the social emotion associated with competition and cooperation. Electrocardiograms were measured during the task and were analyzed to obtain time domain indicators, such as RRI, SDNN, and pNN50, and frequency domain indicators, such as VLF, LF, HF, VLF/HF, LF/HF, lnVLF, lnLF, lnHF, and lnVLF/lnHF. The significance of classifying social emotions was assessed using an independent t-test. The rule-base for the classification was determined using significant parameters of 30 participants and verified from data obtained from another 30 participants. As a result, 91.67% participants were correctly classified. This study proposes a new method of classifying social emotions of competition and cooperation and provides objective data for designing social interaction.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.284-297
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate characteristic indice of heart rate variability (HRV) according to presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), pattern identification. Methods : We analyzed 167 subjects who participated in a stroke check-up. We classified the subjects into two groups as MS (n=48) and non-MS (n=119) based on NCEP ATP III. First, we investigated pattern identification of all subjects based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-III. Second, we surveyed significance of HRV indices between MS and non-MS groups. Third, we investigated significance of HRV indices between classified DP of MS and classified DP of non-MS. Fourth, we investigated significance of HRV indices between classified DP of MS and non-MS. Fifth, we investigated significance between components of MS and HRV indices. Results : 1. SDNN, RMS-SD, HF, Ln(HF), and HF (NORM) were significantly lower in the MS than non-MS group. LN (TP), LF/HF were significantly higher in the MS than non-MS. 2. Ln (HF), Ln (TP), and LF/HF were statistically significant in the classified DP of MS group. 3. RMS-SD, and Ln (HF) were significantly lower in the abdominal obesity group than in the non-abdominal obesity group. SDNN, RMS-SD, TP, Ln (TP), VLF, Ln (VLF), and Ln (LF) were significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the non-hypertension group. RMS-SD was significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group. Mean HRT,LF/HF were significantly higher in the hypertriglyceridemia than non-hypertriglyceridemia group, but Ln (HF), RMS-SD, and HF (NORM) were significantly lower in the hypertriglyceridemia than non-hypertriglyceridemia group. Conclusions : We found a few significant relationships between classified DP of MS and HRV indices. The resluts demonstrate that MS has potentially negative effects on the cardiovascular system, and these effects could be detected by HRV.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effect of manual acupuncture at the bilateral $LI_4$, $ST_{36}$ and $LR_3$ on normal human every 3 minute time interval by using power spectrum analysis. Methods : 25 healthy volunteers participated in this study. 32 channel EEG(Electroencephalogram) measurements were carried out before, during and after acupuncture treatments. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni method. Results : 1. In acupuncture group, Mean HRT, PSI, Normalized HF decreased significantly. SDNN, Ln(TP), Ln(LF), Ln(VLF), Normalized LF and LF/HF ratio increased significantly. RMSSD, Ln(HF) were not affected. 2. In sham acupuncture group, all indicators were not affected. 3. In control group, mean HRT, Ln(TP) decreased significantly. SDNN, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(LF), Ln(HF), Ln(VLF), normalized LF, normalized HF and LF/HF ratio were not affected. Conclusions : This results suggest that manipulation needling of 6 acupoints induced increase of delta, theta, beta waves. Both manipulation and simple needling induced decrease of alpha wave during 12~15 time intervals.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.370-377
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• 2018

Focus level has been important mental state in user study. Cardiac response has been related to focus and less clarified. The study was to determine cardiac parameters for recognizing focus level. The sixty participants were asked to play shooting game designed to control two focus levels. Electrocardiogram was measured during task. The parameters of time domain and frequency domain were determined from ECG. As a result of independent t-test, RRI, SDNN, rMSSD and pNN50 of time domain indicator were statistically significant in recognizing focus level. LF, HF, lnLF and lnHF of frequency domain were observed to be significant indicator. The rule base for recognition has been developed by the combination of RRI, rMSSD and lnHF. The rule base has been verified from another sixty data samples. The recognition accuracy were 95%. This study proposed significant cardiac indicators for recognizing focus level. The results provides objective measurement of focus in user interaction design in the fields of contents industry and service design.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.142-153
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• 2008

Objective : Etiologically, stress is a important factor to immune system and skin disease. Human body is controled to keep his homeostasis from stress by autonomic nerve system. So we investigated autonomic nerve balance and stress level of patients with skin disease by heart rate variability(HRV) test. Research Methods and Procedures : Fifty two patient(from 15 years old to 35 years old) who visited Dept. of Oriental medical Dermatology, Kyunghee university at first and had an examination by HRV test, were selected as the subject of our study. We checked items of HRV test(such as SDNN, RMSSD, VLF, LF, HF, TP, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnHF and LnHF), and analyzed time and frequency domain by sex, age, onset, color on end of patient's tongue, sweating and sleep condition. Results and Conclusion : Men showed significant higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnLF and LnHF than women(p <0.05). Patients who were attacked by skin disease within 6 months, showed significant higher TP and VLF than over 6 months(p <0.05). Patients with normal color on the end of their tongue showed significant higher TP and VLF than with flare color. We analyzed correlation to color on the end of tongue and RMSSD. Prevalence risk(RMSSD <20ms) in the case of normal color on the end of tongue was 5 times as high as in the case of flare color(p <0.1). And we analyzed correlation to age and LF/HF ratio. Prevalence risk(LF/HF ratio <1) of patients from 15 years old to 25 years old was 1.467 times as high as from 26 years old to 35 years old(p <0.1).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of our study was to demonstrate the clinical application of a diagnosis relating the 7-zone-diagnostic system and heart rate variability. Materials and Methods : Subjects were divided into two groups according to the factor AA form of the 7-zone-diagnostic system(VEGA-DFM722, VEGA, Germany). Subjects in group A showed a factor-AA red bar graph in which zone 2 was higher than the normal range, and zone 6 was lower than the normal range. Subjects in group B showed a factor-AA red bar graph in which zone 2 was lower than the normal range, and zone 6 was higher than the normal range. We investigated how to differentiate the index of heart-rate variability(HRV, LX-3202, LAXTHA, Korea) for each group. We did independent sample t-tests and evaluated the results of the HRV at the 5% significance level using SPSS 10.0 for Windows. Results : The differences of the MeanRR, MeanHRV, SDNN, complexity, HRV-index, RMSSD, SDSD, and pNN50 values between the groups was not significant. The differences of the Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), Ln(HF), LF/(LF+HF), LF/HF, norm LF, and norm HF values between the groups was also not significant. The differences were not significant, but generally the values of SDNN, complexity, RMSSD, SDSD, Ln(VLF), Ln(HF) and norm LF for group B were higher than those for group A, and the values of pNN50 and norm HF for group B were lower than those for group A. Conclusions : This study suggests that differences in the HRV values between the groups was not significant, but group B has a tendency to be healthier than group A because of stress. Accordingly, further study will be required.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was accomplished to investigate the effects of moxibustion at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) on the heart rate variability(HRV) in healthy adults. And based on that, we tried to find out how moxibustion at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) effects on the activity and balance of the autonomic nervous system Methods : We investigated on 50 healthy volunteers consisted of 24 subjects in moxibustion group and 24 subjects in control group. On the other hand, two volunteers were ruled out by standard of elimination. The study was established by randomized trial. Moxibustion was applied at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) and rested during 10 minutes in moxibustion group. No treatment was executed in control group. We measured HRV 3 times : baseline measurement and after treatment in moxibustion group(after rest in control group) twice. The SPSS 12.0 for windows was used to analyze the data by paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test(in group) and Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test (between the groups). Results : 1. In moxibustion group, mean HRT decreased significantly. Ln(VLF) increased significantly. Ln(TP) decreased significantly at $2^{nd}$ time and increased significantly at $3^{rd}$ time. SDNN, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(LF), Ln(HF), Normalized LF, Normalized HF and LF/HF ratio were not affected. 2. In control group, PSI and normalized HF decreased significantly. SDNN, Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), normalized LF and LF/HF ratio increased significantly. Mean HRT, RMSSD, Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) were not affected. Conclusions : This study suggest that moxibustion at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) makes no effects on the balance of the autonomic nervous system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.13-25
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was accomplished to investigate the effects of acupuncture at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) on the heart rate variability(HRV) in healthy adults. And based on that, we tried to find out how acupuncture at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) effects on the activity and balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : We investigated on 74 healthy volunteers consisted of 24 subjects in acupuncture group, 24 subjects in sham acupuncture group and 24 subjects in control group. On the other hand, two volunteers were ruled out by standard of elimination. The study was established by randomized trial. Acupuncture was applied at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) during 10 minutes in acupuncture group and minimal acupuncture was applied at the same area in sham acupuncture group. No treatment was executed in control group. We measured HRV 3 times : baseline measurement and after treatment in acupuncture group and sham acupuncture group (after rest in control group) twise. The SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used to analyze the data by paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test (in group) and One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test (between the groups). Results: 1. In acupuncture group, Mean HRT, PSI, Normalized HF decreased significantly. SDNN, Ln (TP), Ln (LF), Ln (VLF), Normalized LF and LF/HF ratio increased significantly. RMSSD, Ln(HF) were not affected. 2. In sham acupuncture group, all indicators were not affected. 3. In control group, mean HRT, Ln(TP) decreased significantly. SDNN, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(LF), Ln(HF), Ln(VLF), normalized LF, normalized HF and LF/HF ratio were not affected. Conclusions : We suggest that acupuncture at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) increases the activity of autonomic nervous system and makes effects on the balance of the autonomic nervous system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was accomplished to investigate the effects of venesection with cupping therapy at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) on the heart rate variability(HRV) in healthy adults. And based on that, we tried to find out how venesection with cupping therapy at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) affects the activity and the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : We investigated on 60 healthy volunteers consisted of 30 subjects in venesection with cupping therapy group and 30 subjects in control group. The study was established by randomized trial. venesection with cupping therapy was applied at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) for 10 minutes in venesection with cupping therapy group. No treatment was executed in control group. We measured HRV 3 times : First, baseline measurement and two more times after treatment in venesection with cupping therapy group(after rest in control group). The SPSS 12.0 for Windows was used to analyze the data by paired t-test(in both group), independent-test(between the groups) and Chi-square test(between the sexs). Results : 1. In venesection with cupping therapy group, SDNN, Ln(TP), Ln(LF), Normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio increased significantly. Normalized HF decreased significantly. Mean HRT, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(HF), and Ln(VLF) were not affected. 2. In control group, Ln(HF) decreased significantly. Mean HRT, SDNN, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(TP), Ln(LF), Ln(VLF), Normalized LF, Normalized HF, and LF/HF ratio were not affected. Conclusions : This study suggests that venesection with cupping therapy at Jeonjung($CV_{17}$) increases the activity of the autonomic nervous system and has effects on the balance of the autonomic nervous system.