• 중국문학
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• 제99권
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• pp.125-156
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• 2019

이 글은 두 가지 비판적 탐색과 이를 통한 비평의 확장을 시도하고 있다. 첫째는 중국 고전 텍스트에 대한 루쉰의 사유와 연구태도를 살펴보고, 아울러 루쉰이 '예악'을 어떻게 비판적으로 성찰하고 있는지를 탐색해 본다. 《광인일기》의 광인이 중국의 오래된 텍스트를 다루는 방식을 실마리로 삼아, 루쉰의 중국 고전 문헌의 편집과 전승과정을 비판적으로 성찰하는태도를 살펴보았다. 루쉰은 고전 문헌이 역사 속에서 전승·전파될 때, 텍스트가 편집 재구성되는 가운데 사건과 맥락, 실재가 은폐되고 텍스트가 봉쇄되는 상황을 주목한다. 또한 루쉰은텍스트의 전승과정과 아울러 중국문화와 사회·정치의 구성에 '예악'이라는 오래된 문화가 어떻게 작동하며 현재에도 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 비판적으로 성찰하고 있다. 고전은 단순히 과거가 아니라 현재의 습속과 도덕 감정, 그리고 통치성과도 밀접하게 연결되어 있다. 둘째, 이러한 루쉰의 예악에 대한 성찰을 바탕으로 루쉰이 평생에 걸쳐 교감했던 혜강(嵇康)의 글 중<성무애락론>을 중심으로 그의 미완의 고전비평의 가능성을 탐색한다. '소리에는 슬픔과 기쁨이 없다'는 혜강의 이 글은 중국문화구성의 핵심 논리인 '예악'의 문제에 대해 깊이 있게 성찰한 것으로, 감응주체의 자율성, 그리고 조화로움, 공통적인 것을 찾아가는 개체의 숙고 과정을 중시하며 기존 예악과 통치성의 문제에 균열을 낸다. 루쉰을 통해 혜강을, 혜강을 통해루쉰을 살펴보는 작업을 통해 루쉰의 못 다한 고전비평의 작업을 재구성하고, 중국고전텍스트가 현재의 실제 삶과 접속될 가능성을 탐색해 본다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2017

Objective: To generate recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) engineered for expression of porcine ${\beta}-defensin-2$ (pBD-2) and cecropin P1 (CP1) fusion antimicrobial peptide and investigate their anti-bacterial activity in vitro and their growth-promoting and disease resisting activity in vivo. Methods: The pBD-2 and CP1 fused gene was synthesized using the main codons of B. subtilis and inserted into plasmid pMK4 vector to construct their expression vector. The fusion peptide-expressing B. subtilis was constructed by transformation with the vector. The expressed fusion peptide was detected with Western blot. The antimicrobial activity of the expressed fusion peptide and the recovered pBD-2 and CP1 by enterokinase digestion in vitro was analyzed by the bacterial growth-inhibitory activity assay. To analyze the engineered B. subtilis on growth promotion and disease resistance, the weaned piglets were fed with basic diet supplemented with the recombinant B. subtilis. Then the piglets were challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The weight gain and diarrhea incidence of piglets were measured after challenge. Results: The recombinant B. subtilis engineered for expression of pBD-2/CP1 fusion peptide was successfully constructed using the main codons of the B. subtilis. Both expressed pBD-2/CP1 fusion peptide and their individual peptides recovered from parental fusion peptide by enterokinase digestion possessed the antimicrobial activities to a variety of the bacteria, including gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Haemophilus parasuis) and grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Supplementing the engineered B. subtilis to the pig feed could significantly promote the piglet growth and reduced diarrhea incidence of the piglets. Conclusion: The generated B. subtilis strain can efficiently express pBD-2/CP1 fusion antimicrobial peptide, the recovered pBD-2 and CP1 peptides possess potent antimicrobial activities to a variety of bacterial species in vitro. Supplementation of the engineered B. subtilis in pig feed obviously promote piglet growth and resistance to the colibacillosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.408-419
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• 2021

Background: The decreased renal function is known to be associated with biological aging, of which the main pathological features are chronic inflammation and renal interstitial fibrosis. In previous studies, we reported that total saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJs) can availably protect acute myocardial ischemia. We proposed that SPJs might have similar protective effects for aging-associated renal interstitial fibrosis. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the overall effect of SPJs on renal fibrosis. Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) aging rats were given SPJs by gavage beginning from 18 months old, at 10 mg/kg/d and 60 mg/kg/d, up to 24 months old. After the experiment, changes in morphology, function and fibrosis of their kidneys were detected. The levels of serum uric acid (UA), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and cystatin C (Cys C) were assayed with ELISA kits. The levels of extracellular matrix (ECM), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), inflammatory factors and changes of oxidative stress parameters were examined. Results: After SPJs treatment, SD rats showed significantly histopathological changes in kidneys accompanied by decreased renal fibrosis and increased renal function; As compared with those in 3-month group, the levels of serum UA, Cys C and β2-MG in 24-month group were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the 24-month group, the levels of serum UA, Cys C and β2-MG in the SPJ-H group were significantly decreased. While ECM was reduced and the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were increased, the levels of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling were decreased; the expression level of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was down-regulated with reduced inflammatory factors; meanwhile, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling was aggrandized. Conclusion: These results suggest that SPJs treatment can improve age-associated renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad, NFκB signaling pathways and activating Nrf2-ARE signaling pathways and that SPJs can be a potentially valuable anti-renal fibrosis drug.